Characters and what Pip learns Essay

Magwitch reminds Pip of his vulnerability throughout the novel. When Magwitch turns Pip upside down in the novel, this can be interpreted as a metaphor for indeed just how much Magwitch does change Pip’s life around. When Pip first meets his convict he does not look down on him, even hoping the guards don’t catch him on the marshes. However, snobbish attitudes towards convicts soon develop when Pip has expectations. Therefore, when Magwitch returns into Pip’s life, Pip looks down on the man who has provided for and supported him, simply because he is not a gentleman. This is a great irony as is the convict had kept the money to himself, Pip would be the inferior, and Magwitch the gentleman. â€Å"The abhorrence in which I held the man, the dread I had of him, the repugnance with which I shrank from him, could not have been exceeded if he had been some terrible beast. † Pip realises that Magwitch takes more pride in seeing Pip exist in such a rich manner than if he himself was having all the comforts. The money Magwitch gives to Pip does not make him happy, so Pip learns about the value of money from the convict. He learns that money alone cannot make him happy and that deserting dear Joe for the posh London lifestyle was wrong. ‘It was for the convict†¦ that I had deserted Joe’ At the end of the novel Pip would rather let Magwitch die a happy man with the ignorance that Pip would inherit a fortune, than let Magwitch know the crown would take his money for a chance that he might get some of it. Pip begins to realise that Magwitch was not an evil man, and not all convicts are typical of their social stereotypes. In fact, Pip’s realisation that Magwitch is indeed a more honest, true and loyal person than he had ever been, changes him completely. Going to Magwitch’s trial and holding his hand in front of the public states just how much Pip begins to pay the convict the respect he so deserved. Pip realises you cannot become a gentleman by simply having money, but it needs a change of heart. ‘No varnish can hide the grain of the wood; and the more varnish you put on, the more the grain will express itself’ Therefore, the idea that people are not always as they seem on the surface crops up in the novel. This is also brought to our attention when we find out that Estella, who was brought up a lady and seemed a lady, actually came from apparently more lowly backgrounds than Pip himself. Pip’s encounter with Estella at Satis House changed his whole perception of himself. Before Estella revealed to him that he was â€Å"a coarse and common boy† Pip had always been happy in his destiny as an apprentice to Joe in the forge. However, having fallen for Estella’s beauty he wanted more than anything in the world to be a gentleman, so that he might have a chance to compete for her love. The knowledge that Pip was common and seen as inferior made him ashamed of home, and unhappy in his job with Joe. â€Å"†¦ I had believed in the forge as the glowing road to manhood and independence. Within a single year this was all changed. Now, it was all coarse and common†¦ † Therefore, Estella and Miss Havisham had in effect poisoned Pip’s mind and given him knowledge he would have been happier without. Estella herself ends up miserable from the lifestyle she had been brought up to lead. Pip realises that Estella thinking she had no heart ruined more than just the men she teased lives, but her own. By Estella marrying Drummle and refusing Pip’s love, she made a very big mistake and admits to it. Pip learns that love should never be refused or scorned, but repayed. For example, he is happiest in his self when he is in a muturally affectionate relationship with Magwitch and Joe. Miss Havisham and Orlick teach Pip that revenge is not a route to take. The desire to have revenge on each other between Compeyson and Magwitch leads to the end of both of their lives. Orlick’s plans for revenge on Pip are unsuccessful and he ends up in the County Jail. Miss Havisham dies a thoroughly unhappy lady when she realises in horror that by raising Estella to have no heart, Estella herself cannot love even her. Another fact is that she herself had broken Pips heart in a similar fashion to how her own was broken, and she despaired at the thought. Pip regards Biddy as having a ‘bad side of human nature’ whenever she tries to approach him in the respect that Pip was not behaving correctly or had a thought that was not agreeable to him. Similarly, Pip privately believed Herbert to be a lost cause and planned eventually to disassociate himself with him. When he looks back, in retrospect, Pip realises that the faults he saw in Biddy and Herbert were not their faults at all, but his. In this way he realises that his vanity and arrogance had led him to believe he was a better person than honest and hard working Herbert and Biddy, when in fact he was far below them. ‘We owed so much to Herbert’s ever cheerful industry and readiness, that I often wondered how I had conceived that old idea of his inaptitude, until I was one day enlightened by the reflection, that perhaps the inaptitude had never been in him at all, but had been in me. ‘ Pip learns that there is more to people than just the impressions they give you. For example, Pip cannot understand how Joe can be proud of his life early on in the novel, but later finds Joe to be one of the greatest people in his life and is proud of him. Pip’s debts were paid off by Joe and this surprised Pip because he hadn’t even considered Joe would do it. Although Joe appears to be one of the simplest people in his life, Joe always remain true to Pip and always treats him exactly the same throughout, with the exception of the time when Joe comes to London and is made to feel uncomfortable. He also gives very wise advise to Pip on the way life is, and proves that the wisest men are not necessarily the ones with the largest bank accounts, but the ones with the largest hearts. ‘If you can’t get to be a oncommon scholar through going straight, you’ll never get to do it through going crooked. So don’t tell no more on ’em Pip, and live well and die happy. ‘ Jaggers behaves throughout the novel like a lawyer both while at work, and at home. He is very efficient and all his words seem as if they are planned to derive a specific reaction. Jaggers appears to have no emotion at all. However, when Pip reveals he knows of Estella’s parentage, Jaggers displays qualities that imply Jaggers does indeed have a heart, as he rescused Estella and had ‘poor dreams’ himself. This is another example of how people are not always as they seem. Pumblechook is portrayed by Dickens as a sycophantic, arrogant obnoxious, vain and selfish man. By Pip’s uncle claiming to be Pip’s earliest benefactor, it reveals that not all gentlemen are necessarily nice people. It is indeed an irony that it may be Pumblechook’s recommendation of Pip to Miss Havisham that ruined Pip’s life, rather than helped him. This idea can be seen again where Compeyson uses his education and manners to gain Miss Havishams love in order to drain her of her money.

Managing Finances for a Better Future Essay

In American society, we are encouraged to save money for a better future. However, in my life I have encountered problems with managing my personal finances. In the past, I spent my money irresponsibly. Despite making a decent salary, it was a challenge trying to maintain my financial responsibilities and not something I was very concerned about. I felt as though I was living paycheck to paycheck, when the reality was I simply did a poor job of managing my funds. Now that I have grown up and have a son, my expenses have increased tremendously. Although he is my biggest joy, having to take care of him has worsened my inability to manage and save money properly. When I should be saving money for his college education, instead I spent $500 on toys for Christmas. Therefore, learning how to effectively manage my finances is vitally important in order to secure a healthy and rewarding future for myself and my son. Information to Resolve My Daily Problem As I consider how to resolve my constant problem of saving money, I have identified these information sources as possible resources: 1.  I would use my 401(k) investment catalog to discover more information about how to invest money into different stocks and bonds. 2. I would contact Diana Marrero-Pinto, Director of Housing at the Lorain County Community Action Agency, Inc. to register for the Budgeting Bootcamp seminar. 3. I would search the Internet for reliable resources on how to save money in a bad economy. I would look for such resources in the following manner. I would contact my 401(k) representative to schedule a meeting to discuss my account and possible investments. I would contact Diana Marrero-Pinto to discuss the Budgeting Bootcamp seminar and other training opportunities. I would visit the University of Phoenix Library for articles and book excerpts on budgeting and saving money. Process for Evaluating My Resources In order to evaluate the information that I would gather to resolve my problem, I would consider the source of that information. If I am interviewing professionals, I would ensure that they have a background in finance or experience working with people on how to manage their personal finances. If I am looking at Internet resources, I would be cautious nreliable websites that contain non-factual information. I believe, the Wall Street Journal website has reliable information since it is a nationally renowned newspaper in the United States. Another really reliable resource would be the University of Phoenix Library, because college officials ensure the information is reliable for students. The articles and books available on the University of Phoenix Library allow thousands of students to feel confident about the reliability and accuracy of the resources retrieved from the website. Ways to Use This Information to Resolve the Problem The process of problem-solving includes the ability to utilize self-knowledge to figure out solutions to a problem (Carter, Bishop, & Kravits, 2007). I believe there are four stages in problem-solving: analyzing, synthesizing, applying, and evaluating. First, analyze the problem or issue by identifying the possible causes for why the problem occurred. Next, synthesize all the data that explains the problem and brainstorm possible solutions. According to Carter, Bishop, and Kravits (2007), â€Å"When you are brainstorming ideas, don’t get hooked on finding the one right answer. Questions may have many â€Å"’right answers’- or many answers that have degrees for usefulness† (para. 52). From these possible solutions create a plan of action, outlining important goals with timeframes for completion. Once the goals and timeframes are established, I will begin to apply the goals set forth in order to solve my problem. Later, I will evaluate the process it took to solve my problem, and decide if the process was dependable. This will help me to make better decisions in the future.

Consider the role and status of victims Essay

Consider the role and status of victims In the criminal Justice system There can be more than one way to define a victim, In one instance It’s believed that a victim is someone that has been harmed physically, emotionally and/or economically harmed by incriminating actions perpetrated by another being. (Carmen 2010) It can be argued that the family of the offender is in fact a victim too. In the sense that family and friends may experience the lost of a family member or a friend. F they were to become Incarcerated as a result of their actions. They may also have to deal tit news reports if the offense makes the media and the ‘shame’ that comes with having a family member or friend in prison and televised. The victim’s family/friends also have to deal with a lost, in crimes such as murder, or a crime that incorporates drastic change that can revolutionist the life of these individuals. Organizations/ companies can also be tricked and schemed, potentially tur ning them into victims. Rimes such as fraud and Illegal downloading are In fact crimes too. It can be said that all these people employed within the business and the business Itself is In n fact victims too. This essay will consider both the role and status of victims within the criminal Justice system describing the concept of the part a victim plays within a criminal proceeding and also touching upon the likeliness of one to become a victim and reasons for this. When considering the status of a victim some are more fitting of the Victim status’ than others. So who are these likely victims? Is there a particular group of people or an individual that is deemed more likely to become a victim than any other person? It’s arguable to say that, the place where someone lives, their race, age, sexuality and/ r gender are in fact factors that may increase ones chances of becoming a victim of crime. Briggs 2009) This hypothesis supports the perspective that one’s chance of becoming a victim is in fact unevenly spread across society (Davies 2010) For example Davies (2009), expresses how the difference In age Is relevant to volitionally Innocent children and the elderly being perceived as particularly vulnerable (Davies 2009 IPPP) The youngster hold habit of hanging on the streets, Increasing the chances of them becoming a victim of street crime such as robbery, assault and theft. While the elderly are subjected to stay indoors due such factors as Ill health, incapability to get around and bad weather conditions. These factors all help to increase the likeliness of them becoming a victim of a household crime. (Davies 2010). Carbine tall (Bibb expresses the typical offender to be male’. (Carbine tall 2009. Up. 186) and found that those that tend to live in the run-down inner city- and areas of council accommodation† were in fact more likely to commit crime. Seeing these Individuals as Unalterable to crime problem occurring. ‘ (Carbine tall 2009 Up. 6) Nils Christie (1986) a Norwegian criminologist cited In Newman (2007) proposed that the ‘ideal victim’ is in fact a weak individual in relation to the offender, illustrated that the victim became a victim through acting morally or going about their everyday routine, in that aspect Christie’ theory demonstrates a general care for the victim calling them ‘blamelessâ€℠¢ for what has happened. (Newman 2007 Up. 342-343) Ones race and being an ethnic minorities is seen as a factor that influences the likeliness of becoming a victim as afro-Caribbean and Asians are more at risk of experience a house-hold offense or a personal offense than whites. Some of the offenses that take place against these groups of ethnic minorities may be racially motivated or explained by socio-economic. (Phillips and Bowling 2002) In the sense that one’s socio- economic status is based on their family income, prenatal education level, prenatal occupation, and social status in the community they live in. The concept of the word ‘role’ is to consider a person’s part played in a particular situation. So in the aspect of a victim within the criminal Justice system the role of a cacti lays heavily on reporting the crime and/or providing evidence. These areas hold such significance in helping to solve a case as a victim reporting a crime brings it to the police attention and the evidence shared is more likely to advocate a conviction, as the victim is seen as a witness. This help to decrease the police following up relentless and skeptical leads, and cause the possibly prevention of a conviction. (Carbine teal 2009) In the aspect of the role of victims in the criminal justice system, it’s evident that there is room for improvement. Saved Khan, Chief Executive of victim support agrees that more needs to be done. Criminal Justice agencies need to do more to meet the needs of victims and witnesses. † all too often when they come into contact with the system they are dissatisfied and lose confidence. † (vivisectionist. Com, 2011) When reporting a crime the role of the victim is to tell the story of the incident that has taken place, it’s the police decision whether to take actions further and go through the correct processes, of gaining Justice for this victim. With the victim, the sorority of the time there is an inevitable case to be brought forward, however theirs times when the evidence that has been given is taken out of the victims hands and preceded by the officer in charge. This can happen a lot in Domestic violence incidents when the compliant after giving a statement wants to withdraw their statement however it’s too late and the case is set in motion. Using the example of domestic violence another role of the victim would be to attend court, and give evidence to the members of the court such as the Judge Jury (in a trial) prosecutors ND defense. This is the time the victim can ask how the offense has affected them, and the ideal punishment they believe is deserved. In regards to the roles and status of victims in the criminal Justice system, it all subsides to refinancing the criminal Justice system. So that victims are in fact victims are more deemed as Victims’ rather than evidence. This causes controversial, arguments of victim statements and victim statement of opinion being produced in courts, implying the victim in fact has the right to put across the damage the crime as imposed upon them and their family and suggesting the sentence that I to be handed out. However if the offense was so horrifying why do they live to ret-tell the to allow the victim to feel safe, protected and sympathized with. According to The Victims of Crime Act 1994, victims are to be dealt with sympathetically, constructively and in a reassuring manner, and with due regards to that persons individual situation, rights and dignity’ (victim information 2007 Up. L). In some serious cases public protections is given to victims after the incident and or while the criminal case s open. Implementations of counseling, advice and guidance are given when dealing with victims to help the person come to terms with the previous incident, and there rights within the criminal Justice system as a victim. Such services are better known as the VS. -the victim’s service scheme and the JAG – the Justice advocacy unit. (Victim information 2007 Up. 4) In conclusion are victims used to purely gain Justice, or to help punish, those non law abiding citizens? More implementations should be put into place to ensure the cities of crime are in fact treated and portrayed as victims, and not deemed to be vital evidence in a criminal case then neglected once the case is closed. Forgotten players† (Davies 2010, Up 69) or used to facilitate Justice or a criminal conviction, as the criminal Justice system was created to protect the public from those that defy the law. (Davies 2010) the situation has somewhat changed but victims are still feeling let don’t by the system and the treatment and lack of support they are given within and after the process of their situation.

Pathophysiology of Malabsorption Syndrome (at the cellullar, tissue Research Paper

Pathophysiology of Malabsorption Syndrome (at the cellullar, tissue and organ level) - Research Paper Example And lastly the transport system of these necessary elements can be affected because of which these nutrients would not be going inside. At the cellular level the malabsorption syndrome can occur due to destruction of cells of pancreas or liver which would produce the necessary juices for the digestion of nutrients. The primary mucosal cell abnormalities can cause deficiency in the transport system of the nutrients. Bacteria can overgrow in these mucosal cells which can cause deficiency of the necessary nutrients. Individuals with Malabsorption syndrome would commonly show signs of diarrhoea, flatus and pain in abdomen. This would be generally seen in individuals who have excessive secretion of intestinal juices. Similarly the hematopoetic system of that individual would also be affected because of the lack of nutrients. Lack of red blood cells and bleeding can occur at such instances. The endocrine system can also be affected of the individual through lack of the nutrients required for hormones. Calcium levels can be affected because of lack of Vitamin D and this can further lead to hyperparathyroidism. Individuals with Malabsorption syndromes show problems with their epidermis and skin because of lack of nutrients required for the development of skin. Nervous system is also affected in this syndrome such as in the deficiency of Vitamin A and B12. The treatment for malabsorption Syndrome depends on the exact cause of the disease. That is if the intraluminal digestion is affected then the exact cause of that defect should be discovered first. If a nutrient is deficient in the body it would be given orally or intravenously to the patient. Enzyme deficiencies can be tackled with treatment from oral or injected enzymes. Similarly the growth of bacteria in the cells can also be stopped by giving antibiotics. Some examples of Malabsorption syndrome are pancreatitis,

Implementation of Infrastructural design for information technology in Research Paper

Implementation of Infrastructural design for information technology in financial environment - Research Paper Example Keywords: servers, farm, co-location, co-lo, IT, information technology, location, maintenance, email, instant messaging, ticketing system Implementation of Infrastructural Design for IT in a Financial Environment I. INTRODUCTION i. Background of the problem The recent advancements in information and technology have resulted in widespread adoption of networked information systems thereby creating new threats to the integrity, and safety of the information infrastructure and transactions in a number of financial environments across the globe. Consequently many banks and other financial organizations are increasingly implementing secure infrastructural designs of information technology in their financial environments not only to secure their sensitive communications and transactions but also to improve the reliability and integrity of their systems. According to Harris (2001, p.39), an effective IT infrastructure design reduces the risks of potential financial losses due to network fau lts while at the same time reducing the expenses related to network management. A properly implemented infrastructural design for information technology in a financial environment often integrates a number of technological components to support business needs of the particular organization. IT infrastructure comprises a group of shared tangible IT resources that offer a foundation to enable present and potential business applications. These recourses include the operating systems, key data. Core data-processing applications network and telecommunication and shared its services. Information management is the heart component of government infrastructure; it is the intellectual capital of accountability governance. Best practices and standards leads in efficient, responsible and cost effective use of resources. IT comprises of a full spectrum of technology and services that back-up information management. Financial institutions are often demanding environments dealing with massive quan tities of sensitive information. In this regard, it is critically important to implement reliable and secure infrastructural designs for such environments to ensure their robust performance as well as provide secure access to information. This paper seeks to detail the specific server farm setup that will be utilized by the company, the design of the IT department, the type of software and hardware that would be best suited for the company, as well as the different possibilities for co-location sites that would be used for the servers themselves. ii. Researcher’s Work Setting and Role The researcher is a graduate student pursing masters of Science Degree in Management. As the lead researcher, my primary role will be to outline the specific research problem and work closely with the other members of the research team towards the achievement of the research goals. I will also be obligated to participate in the data collection processes as well as to provide a supervisory role t hroughout the research. iii. Statement of the problem For any information and communication system in any enterprise to run smoothly a

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Art History - Essay Example Roy Lichtenstein is a pop artists and contemporary of Andy Warhol. He used parody using old-fashioned comic strip. He was a teacher before venturing to Pop art based on commercial images such as advertisement painting focused on bard-edged figures. His 1961 Look Mickey used Be-Day dots or a technique comparable to Pointillism (Lobel, 33). Since then, he has produced more art works combining oil or Magana paint exemplified in Drowning Girl and the pop art diptych Whaam! He has influenced other DC comics artists (Lobel, 60). Liechtenstein is an iconography in pop art that until today amaze collectors and contemporary comic book fans. While he may be regarded by some as quite commercial for his techniques and use comic-style graphics, he is one artist to reckon with. Charles Atlas is a filmmaker and video artist. In his online biography, Charles Atlas came from St. Louis, Missouri and born in 1958. Video art uses the video tape as a statement of exploration on the medium or against commercial, entertainment video and may not have any logical presentation or narrative plot except for juxtaposition of images and scenes (Knight, 49). Atlas worked both on stage, screen, museum, and television and also had video installation works. He is considered to have pioneered the â€Å"media-dance, a genre in which original performance work is created directly for the camera† (PBS, P 2) and worked with the Merce Cunningham Dance Company for ten years. He collaborated with choreographers, dancers, and performers such as Yvonne Rainer, Michael Clark, Douglas Dunn, Marina Abramovic, Diamanda Galas, John Kelly, and Leigh Bowery. His four-hour montage â€Å"Television Dance Atlas† on Dutch television used dance styles of ballet, burlesque, and figure skating (PBS P 3). His video installation â€Å"The Hanged One† used rotoscopes, motorized mannequins, and theatrical lighting and may be considered evolving in its various presentations. He

Armed Robbery Sentence Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Armed Robbery Sentence Proposal - Essay Example As with the case of Timothy Stuart Ring and his accomplices, John Magoch and James Greenham in 2004, when they committed a planned armor car robbery, killing Wells Fargo, the armored car driver in the process.   The case was presided by the Honorable Gregory H. Martin, Judge of Arizona Supreme Court.   It was stated in the court’s decision that the defendants â€Å"are entitled to a jury determination of any fact on which the legislature conditions an increase in their maximum punishments. (Arizona Supreme Court Decision, 2002)†Ã‚   This means that since all court litigation, the maximum sentence, or the degree of punishment is based on how the jury would find the defendants.   In Ring’s case, the crime was cruel and horrendously committed even if Ring only has a minimal criminal record.  In the year 2004, with a population of 21, 593, Nogales Police Department of Arizona’s Crime Index shows a total of 1,310.60 per 100,000 total violent crimes whic h includes Robbery with gun, Robbery with knife, Robbery with other weapon, and Strong Arm Robbery.   The overall total crime index of the state of Arizona for the year 2004 and 2005, armed robbery crimes totaled 7,721 and 8,579 respectively and the record has shown to have increase in 2006 with a total number of armed robbery 9,226 in the state of Arizona alone.   Instead of showing a decrease in crime rates, it seems as if that â€Å"bad people† have more courage to commit armed robbery even with the death sentence and life sentence given to those who committed such crime.  ... Some can even get away of such heinous crimes due to the fact that people today become more ingenious. Let us not only look at the horrifying crime scenes that happened during the committal of the crime. Let us also look at the reason as to why and what these people are experiencing that pushed them to commit armed robbery even murder. Some would say that they rob because they need money to buy food for their family, poverty and being out of a job are some causes that would push these people to rob. While some are only due to an influence of alcohol and even prohibited drugs. Most often that than not, plans started out to be simple without any intention of bloodshed, however when things get out of hand, it starts to get messy and the criminals are forced to get their hands dirty. As far as the state of Arizona is concerned, and basing on the statistics of the Arizona Law Enforcement Agency Uniform Crime Report, the increase of armed robbery for three consecutive years since 2004 until 2006 is already alarming and something should already be done about it. Remember, it is not only that armed robbery that cause so much concern for the people of Arizona, there is, murder, rape, assault, burglary, larceny and many others that keeps our people from living in peace and enjoying life. Therefore, to foster peace and progress, the people of Arizona should be protected from armed robbery, and in so doing, it is proposed that whatever is the degree of the crime, still with the help of the jury, Life Sentence should always be the verdict whether the accused is a celebrity or an ordinary citizen. Rationale The rationale behind this verdict is simple.

Organisations&Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Organisations&Behaviour - Assignment Example In other words, it can be describes as the network of relationships and roles existing across the organization. Three different types of organizational structure include tall organizational structure, flat organizational structure and centralized organizational structure. Tall organizational structure is defined as the one which comprises of many levels of hierarchy with each manger responsible for controlling a small group of people. Flat organizational structure is defined as an organizational structure which is characterized by very little or no level of middle management between the executives and the staff members. Centralized organizational structure is defined as the structure in which all the decision-making process is controlled by an individual or a few top managers in which the decisions are communicated to the lower level of employees who are expected to accept the orders and act accordingly. Organizational cultures are defined as the deeply rooted values and beliefs that are shared by the employees within an organization. It is also defined as the shared values and beliefs that distinguish the employees of one organization from the other. It also refers to the basic pattern of beliefs developed by a group of employees while dealing with problems of external adaptation and internal integration in an organization. The different types of organizational culture comprises of the power, task and role organizational culture. Power culture is defined as the organizational culture which is based on the inequality of access to resources. This type of culture emphasises on the respect of the authority, rationality of the procedures and division of work. Role culture is mainly focused on job description and specialization in the field of work. Task culture is defined as the organizational culture which is based on the mutual trust between the employees and the organization. McDonald’s is recently trying to adopt a

Marketing planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing planning - Assignment Example The shop has established more than 290 shops across the globe but United Kingdom is the core business market for the company (Pret A Manger, 2013b). Schwartz (2004) has rightly pointed out that in previous occasions, companies establish marketing plan on the basis of its allocated budget but now companies decide marketing plan on the basis of its strategic objectives. Schwartz (2004) has also pointed out that modern marketers are emphasizing more on customer satisfaction and customizing the product offering as part of marketing plan. Sheth and Sisodia (2006) have also pointed out that changing pattern of marketing planning includes the marketer’s willingness to incorporate psychological, economic and informational shift of customers as integrated element of market planning. Pret A Manger (2013b) has reported that it earns annual revenue of 380 million pounds from its global business operation, and the company has reported that it has sufficient liquid asset to finance its stra tegic decisions. For example, recently Pret A Manger had struck a deal with by investing more than 1 million pound with Vitrue which is a social media management platform in order to target local youngsters who frequently use social networking sites (NMA Staff, 2012). Digital marketing strategy of the company has also helped them to achieve $280,000 increased in store operational revenue. Such examples are showing that Pret A Manger has sufficient capabilities in order implement new marketing plan which can be recalibrated in accordance with the customer demand. â€Å"Examine the marketing environment and analyse the internal factors and external factors (such as PEST) assessing the strengths/weaknesses and opportunities/threats in order to conduct a marketing audit† Ans.1b- As UK is the major business interest for Pret A Manger hence the researcher has decided to conduct a strategic audit of the coffee business of the company in context to UK business environment. Letâ€℠¢s try to shed light the coffee industry of UK in order to understand why companies including both restaurants like Starbucks, Pret A Manger etc and retail sellers like Nestle and Green Mountain etc are changing their marketing plan to cater to the demand of Britons. Market Value Market Value Forecast Market Volume Market Volume Forecast Market Share More than $2,500 million with growth rate of 4.8%. The sales volume coffee selling through retail channels and franchisee based restaurants will touch $3,000 million within next three years. 140.7 million kg with growth rate of 0.7%. The market volume will touch 150 million kg mark within next couple of years. Tata Global Beverages Limited and Starbucks are the market leader with consolidated market share of more than 29%. (Marketline, 2012a) It is evident from the above statistics that there is ample opportunity exist for Pret A Manger in order to penetrate more in UK coffee industry but they need to create a sustainable marketing plan to achieve a niche position. Now, the researcher will try to understand the business environment for Pret A Manger by considering both internal and external factors. PEST will be used to external environment analysis and Porter Five force will used for internal market audit. Table 1: PEST External Environment Characteristics Opportunity for Pret

Exercising Facilities at the Workplace Coursework

Exercising Facilities at the Workplace - Coursework Example This is more than a third of the population and excludes children and teens. The report further states that in 2008 alone, $147 billion was spent on obesity-related health complications and that obese people were spending at least $1400 more on medication than their normal counterparts. As highlighted by the above statistics, many Americans are not exercising as they should. They are leading unhealthy lives and exposing themselves to obesity-related health risks such as cancer, heart diseases, and type 2 diabetes. I formulated this research to investigate the advantages of setting up exercise facilities at workplaces and also to come up with ways of encouraging people to regularly visit them. This will reduce the obesity rate in the country and the health risks associated with it. I recently witnessed two colleagues discussing a move by their company management to set up a physical fitness facility at the company’s premises to encourage workers to live healthy lifestyles. I was struck most by the agility and enthusiasm that the two exuberated as they discussed the matter. Prior to this incident, I had never envisioned a gym within a working premise. Fitness sections should be constructed in every workplace as a way to encourage people to exercise regularly. The management will, therefore, be forced to allow workers to exercise during working days since most of them will be unwilling to show up at work during the weekends. However, the sessions will only be possible during off-peak hours such as lunch breaks and in the evenings when everyone is breaking for home.

Physics of racing cars Essay Example for Free

Physics of racing cars Essay Racing cars are high performance cars. In order for them to be fast the cars body (and interior must be very light). By re-arranging Newton’s 2nd it can be seen that the larger the mass of the car the smaller the acceleration the car will have. For the car to accelerate (or decelerate) there must be some friction in between the cars tyres and the road surface. This traction helps the car to move at a very high speed and if the traction isn’t there the car won’t move even though the tires are rotating. This can be seen when the road surface is icy and the cars loose grip, the wheels are rotating but the car doesn’t move very fast. The force required to slide a tyre is called the adhesive limit of the tyre, or sometimes the stiction. image00.png The formula F  µN shows the relationship between the frictional force and the surface the tyre is moving on. F is the frictional force, N is the normal reaction between on the tyre and  µ is the coefficient of the friction, the more the  µ value the rougher the surface is. The maximum frictional force provided by the tyre is given by  µN, beyond this value slipping starts to occur. This equation implies that the frictional force made by the tyres is independent of the width of the tyre. A car fitted with a wider tyre is creates the same friction as a thinner tyre because the thinner tyre creates more pressure point hence created more contact between the tyre and road surface whereas, the wider tyre covers more surface area therefore creates the same grip between the tyre and surface. Newton’s second law (F=ma), shows that when the traction force is generated the car accelerates forward. Newton’s third law, every action has an opposite and equal reaction shows that when the car does accelerate the driver experiences a force opposite and is pushed backwards into the seat. When the steering wheel is turned the driver tries to get the front tyres to push a little sideways on the ground, and by Newton’s third law the ground pushes back, which causes little sideways acceleration. This changes the sideway velocity. The acceleration is relative to the sideways force and inversely relative to the mass of the car. The sideways acceleration causes the car to go sideways which the driver requires when turning the wheel. When the car decelerates the resistive braking force acts in the opposite direction to the moving car and the driver is pushed forward. The car experiences torque when traction and braking forces are generated. This transfers the weight forward when accelerating sharply and backward when braking sharply. Weight transfer can be controlled by using throttle, brakes and steering. The equation shows that if the speed of the car doubles, the centripetal force must quadruple for the car to go around the same bend, the centrifugal force must also quadruple if this happens. Therefore, racing cars are subject to forward and backward forces due to linear acceleration and deceleration and also large side forces during cornering bends at high speeds, which are called G forces. The equation also shows that if the bend is doubled the centripetal halves. It’s useful for the driver to go around bends at high speeds as the fastest route given by tracing out a curve with the largest radius possible. Air resistance can be modelled by the equation C-Coefficient of drag (0.25-0.45 for cars) p-Density of air A-Reference area (area of car perpendicular to the direction of motion) Ï…-Speed/velocity of car If the speed of the vehicle doubles the drag force quadruples. The drag force can be minimised by decreasing the reference area. This is achieved by making the car flatter so that it cuts through the wind easily giving it a stream lined shape. The shape is also usually like the wings of an aeroplane upside down. In aeroplane the wings will give it a lift whereas the upside down shape on the car will give it a downwards force which helps it prevent from lifting up at high speeds. According to Newton’s first law of motion a car in a straight line motion at a constant speed will keep such motion until it’s acted upon with an external force. The reason why the car does not perform such a motion forever is because of air resistance and friction. Reference: http://www.dur.ac.uk/r.g.bower/PoM/pom/node16.html#eqweight, Richard Bower, 8 16:09:30 BST 1998

How Do Old Refrigerators Affect the Ozone Layer Essay Example for Free

How Do Old Refrigerators Affect the Ozone Layer Essay The ozone layer prevents ultraviolet sunlight from reaching Earth. (The Ozone hole, 2012). Without the ozone layer, it would be more likely to get skin cancer, eye damage, harm wildlife, reduce crop yields, and change the ocean food chain. The ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. Ground-level ozone is the main component of smog and is harmful to humans. Atmospheric ozone collects in the stratosphere, which is about nine to twenty-two miles above the surface of the Earth. It was discovered in 1985 that there was a hole in the ozone above Antarctica. CFC’s, were constantly eroding our ozone layer. (Roach, 2010). In old refrigerators, ammonia gas is used to keep the refrigerator cool. Pure ammonia gas is highly toxic to people and if a refrigerator containing it leaked, it would pose a threat. Switching to CFC’s was a â€Å"nontoxic† replacement that depleted the ozone layer. Then they switched to a more environmental friendly coolant. Although many refrigerators still use ammonia. (Brian; Elliot, 2006). Refrigerators need five major components to keep cool. The compressor compresses the ammonia gas and the compressed gas heats up as it’s pressurized. The coils on the back of the refrigerator let the hot ammonia gas disperse its heat and the gas condenses into liquid at high pressure. The high pressure ammonia liquid flows through the expansion valve. One side of the valve has high pressure ammonia liquid and the opposite side is a low pressure area because the compressor sucks gas out of that side. The liquid ammonia immediately boils and vaporizes with the temperature dropping to -27 degrees Fahrenheit which makes the inside of the fridge cold. The compressor sucks up the ammonia gas and the cycle repeats. (Brian; Elliot, 2006)The coolant is trapped inside coils and makes a circuit through them and changes back and forth from a liquid to a gas. Ammonia gas does not affect the Ozone layer but it is highly toxic to humans. When they switched to CFC’s, that’s when the refrigerators added to the list of things depleting the Ozone Layer. Du Pont discovered this replacement in the 1930’s. They are used in a variety of industrial, commercial, and household applications. The CFC’s were released into the atmosphere and went up into the stratosphere. In the 1970’s, it was discovered that the CFC’s in use are harmful to the Ozone Layer. The ultraviolet radiation at the atmospheric altitude breaks down CFCs, freeing the chlorine. Under the proper conditions, this chlorine has the potential to destroy large amounts of ozone. As of the 1990’s, they put a more environmental friendly coolant in refrigerators.

Diversity in the Classroom

Diversity in the Classroom Schools are the places where the children shape their personalities and behavior. Like a child who shapes his or her personal outlook, even the school will be shaped by diverse cultural practices and values of the society. In essence, schools also reflect the existing norms of the society for which they set up. Interrelated and closely bonded beliefs and values are very common the culture of the schooling. In this chapter, an attempt was made to relate the basic ideology that underlines the culture in the US with many core values and beliefs. In addition, a link was made to relate the basic ideology as a means of divulging the deeper meaning of culture. Child rearing is a very meaningful approach that one can use to reveal the deeper meaning of the culture. Rearing children in a classroom has a strong link with the underlying culture of diverse ethnic groups. Several authors in the past have tried to explain what childrearing is, especially in the context of existing cultural practices. Almost all authors believe that childrearing is a mirror of different cultural ideologies along with practices and values of different cultures. Ogbu (Ogbu, 1981) believes that parents prepare their children for the society and the world as they know and experience it. Society can easily influence and shape our schools. The core values and practices of the society are some of the critical factors that shape our schools. Educators, students and parents may never understand the deeper meaning of culture within the ambience of school learning. Traditional definitions of culture given by noted anthropologists may not be sufficient for designing and executing school learning experiences that are so common in culturally different settings. In this section, we will treat objectifying culture as the basic step in the process of designing and constructing a simple and workable definition of culture. This simple working definition will help us streamline planning school learning experiences among different people. What is objectifying culture? A simple depersonalization process that helps us in conducting critical examination of the ideologies that support accepted and acknowledged social behavior and cultural practices. Ideologies and beliefs can reflect different aspects of deep meaning of culture. Schools are the learning centers that also reflect the cultural norms of a larger sized society. Deeper meaning of the culture can also be revealed through inspecting and evaluating ideologies and any interconnected beliefs and values. One can also reveal the deep meaning of culture by including communication among parents, teachers and students, and different social interaction patterns, as well as childrearing methods and practices. The Culture of Practice in a Struggling School Every teacher is different. Each one of them has own ideological stance and understanding of culture. In fact, these two viewpoints shape how they see school curriculum, learning process, pedagogy and social context that allow learning in school. In nutshell, the way and manner in which a teacher understands the culture influences in the school, will ultimately influence his or her ability to provide meaningful and productive learning experiences to the students. This chapter will provide two main benefits: It provides you a solid groundwork to comprehend cultural diversity in a classroom; It also helps you learn how to teach traditionally underserved students, who come from diverse and experiential backgrounds. Hollins (Hollins, 2006) reported about an approach, which was identified as a structured dialogue, playing an important tool to assist convert the culture of practice followed in a low performing school. In such schools, teachers also learned how to teach traditionally underserved urban students. The first part of this chapter presents you the study as reported by Hollins. On the other hand, the second section of this chapter deals with the things that teachers learned in their classroom, in the form of a structure that is planned at divulging the deeper meaning of culture within the ambience of a school. The most critical components of this framework are: Culturally mediated cognition and Culturally mediated instruction The main goal of this dedicated discussion is to bring an awareness of the culture of practice in very low performing urban schools. This expertise will empower you to evaluate your own progress as a dedicated classroom teacher and shun possible scenarios where you will be introduced unconsciously to the prevailing practice of culture. What is a structured dialogue? It is an intricate process of learning, where all teachers come together in a study group styled format, to discuss and learn more about their classroom dialogues. In the process of conducting a series of dialogues, teachers can describe the unique successes and special challenges they encounter in their classrooms along with evidences and testimonies from each of the participating teacher. The most significant benefit of a structured dialogue process is the teachers ability to learn from other on different methods that can help in improving classroom practices and student learning outcomes. Identifying a Developmental Trajectory Hollins (Hollins, 2006) also worked on developing a developmental trajectory for modifications in the culture of practices in many of the underperforming urban schools. This trajectory involved three positions and three markers. The positions were: A Natal or initial culture identified in many of the underperforming schools just at the initiation of the study. A transitional position, when old practices and values were replaced or changed with new ones by the participating teachers A transformed culture, where all participating teachers adapted new and fresh values, practices and perceptions On the other hand, three important markers suggested for changes in the teachers culture of practices are: Teachers perceived perceptions and opinions about students, Teachers perceived perceptions and opinions about instruction and Interrelationship among different teachers Learning more about different positions The natal position is a simple, yet effective approach to structured dialogue. The teachers of a school join as a group, in low performing schools, to hold a deficit viewpoint of their students to focus on a number of issues like: Lack of skills, knowledge and information among students A perceived negative view of a students conditions of living An attitude that parents show disinterest in their childrens education In fact, every classroom is bound to lead to differences in learning outcomes. These differences could be due to a number of reasons like: Students effort and dedication towards studies, Intelligence, skills and perceived smartness Familys social status in the society In a natal position, teachers may or may not visit each others classroom or they may or may not talk to each other regarding their teaching methods. In fact, classroom instruction delivered by teachers was private and confidential. School authorities ensured that new teacher inductees were formally socialized into this new culture. Next, will be the transitional position. During this position, teachers may never talk negative about a student. However, it is quite difficult to realize similar outcomes with all the instructional approaches used by the teachers. This issue resulted in a serious discussion about the existing relationship between the teaching approach and the student-learning outcome. Dialogues about individual teaching practices veered towards personal, although individual teachers were careful about assuming responsibility for learning outcome among students. Senior teachers started giving better attention to the induction of new teachers by setting up informal and personal mentoring sessions. These sessions always included provision of guidance and help about teaching methods and approaches. On the other hand, transformational position is the last position that emerges during the third year of the study. The positive aspect of this position was that teachers always talked positive about their stu dents. In fact, positive outcome was the most significant benefit of this position. With the initiation of this position, teachers talked more about: The information students know and understand What should they know more about What instructional methods appeal them the most Teachers also found time to discuss many other issues like: The existing relationship among teaching methods and approaches Attributes of the student community Learning outcomes and results Teachers become more responsive by taking full responsibilities for their students learning outcomes. Teachers also start talking more about their students strengths, weaknesses and other related issues. In fact, everyone in the pubic knew about what students are doing and how they are performing. Teachers took each others suggestions seriously, visited others classrooms and later assumed full responsibility for their own classroom actions. All senior teachers started taking additional responsibilities about the new inductee teachers. Hollins (Hollins, 2006) presented the concept of developmental trajectory that is closely related to the typology subject discussed in Chapter I. The trajectory and typology discussed here gives you three important positions with relating categories of indicators for conceptualizing teaching methods. When you compare positions and indicators in the typology highlighted erstwhile in the first chapter of the book, with those of Hollins, many similarities may exist between the indicators, across many positions in the typology and the trajectory. For example, You can observe that the Type I teachers mentioned in the typology are almost similar to the teachers that were mentioned in the natal position, especially in the trajectory on indicators for teachers viewpoint on students and instruction. On the other hand, many indicators in the transformational position lying on the developmental trajectory and in the Type III in the domain of typology indicate towards the application of a teachers knowledge and awareness about: The intricate relationship between many student attributes and experiences Instructional and teaching practices adapted by the teacher Learning outcome as a meaningful support for teaching that is productive and result oriented. As mentioned elsewhere in the book, a structured dialogue is an efficient tool for assisting the complete transformation of a community of teaching practice and practices of individual teachers. If you are a beginning teacher, who is just starting to interact with your students, you can use this tool to improve your teaching methods and practices. The typology and the trajectory are very beneficial to teachers, old or new, in many different ways. The term typology is descriptive; it tries to explain the perceptual position, and response of teachers who are hired to teach in K-12 schools. It is a very convenient tool for analysis, evaluation and introspection for planned personal growth. On the other hand, developmental trajectory means the transformation of the practice of culture in an underperforming school with that of a learning community that focuses on enhancing student learning outcomes. Tip: When you recognize different indicators of position in a culture of practice followed in a school, you can easily understand how to interact and converse with colleagues and in what manner you can monitor and evaluate your own individual growth after participating in a community of practice. Both trajectory and typology are very beneficial to teachers in many ways. However, the typology model presented before in the first chapter, only detected the basic characteristics of teachers perception and practices along the lines of three positions, and it did not provide a structure for comprehending the existing relationship between different culture and school practices. Hence, the remainder part of this chapter will provide a platform for understanding the existing association between learners cultural backgrounds, classroom learning mode and learning outcomes. Cultural Diversity in a Classroom This course framework will provide you a theoretical perspective for culling knowledge base from other chapters and elucidate the structure to assist application to practice. The main concepts embedded in the framework will give a broader meaning for locating self-identity within the ambits of a culturally diverse society for Making an inquiry into students cultural and experiential background, Undoing sensitive elements from purposeful learning for students who from diverse communities and study in elementary and secondary schools The other objective of this chapter is to make clear the existing relationship between culture, cognition, pedagogical practices and many learning outcomes. The underlying structure for comprehending cultural diversity in a typical classroom consists of two major parts, namely: Culturally intervened cognition and Culturally intervened instruction The former refers to the manner in which a students brain, memory structures and critical intellectual processes enhance, support and develop within a given cultural context. On the other hand, the latter includes a number of important components like culturally intervened cognition and prized knowledge and skills in school curriculum and culturally correct social scenarios for learning experience (see Table 7.2). Bransford, Brown, and Cocking (1999) pointed out that, all learning involves transfer from previous experiences (p. 56). The monumental work of Piaget and Vygptsky provides a theoretical ground for understanding cultural diversity in a classroom. This theory draws on available information processing to explain different structural components among different cultures, cognition, and pedagogy and learning experience for different cultural backgrounds. Note that you can find structural components among the participating individuals and groups, who are studying under different school settings. On the other hand, culture is unique and dynamic with constant changes and modifications. Journal Activity How do you handle a culturally diverse classroom? Explain how you want to teach and train your children, especially in the context of existing cultural practices. Explain how you will develop an ability to provide meaningful and productive learning experiences to the students, who are studying in a culturally struggling school. Differentiate between culturally mediated cognition and culturally mediated instruction. Explain your plan of action to make structural dialogue a success. Pause and Reflect As a teacher, why do think that a structured dialogue is an efficient tool for assisting the complete transformation of a community of teaching practice and practices of individual teachers. Provide reasons for your argument. What are the possible bottlenecks and potential problems that are likely to crop up, when you are using structured dialogues? Think of some strategies and plans to use different perceptions.

Americas Desire to Enter into World War I Essay -- America and World

World War I, known as the Great War prior to World War II, was a global war which began in Europe on July 1914 and ended on November 11, 1918. The Central Power, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, were at war with the Allies, Great Britain, France, and Russia. These alliances posed a threat when Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist; at this time, Germany urged the Austro-Hungarian Empire to reciprocate and Serbia turned to Russia for help. A chain reaction began and soon Europe was entangled in a world-wide war. In 1917, the United States entered the war, joining the Allies due to issues with Germany, despite supposed reluctance. Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United States throughout the duration of World War I, proved through foreign policy from 1914-1917, the United States’ citizens’ and governments’ evident desire for war from April 1917 to November 1918, and the United Statesâ€⠄¢ domestic effects from the war from April 1917 to 1919 that the United States was eager to enter World War I. President Wilson asserted in 1917, â€Å"I think that you will agree with me that, in view of this [submarine] declaration†¦this Government has no alternative, consistent with the dignity and honor of the United States, but to take the course which†¦it announced that it would take†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany, and so it happened. President Wilson’s alleged ‘neutrality’, the Preparedness Act and war declaration were foreign policies executed in the United States from 1914-1917 that validate the fact that the government, as well as American citizens, was eager to enter World War I. In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson declared neutrality in the United Stat... ...ight in World War I through Woodrow Wilson’s unwilling demonstration of American foreign policy from 1914-1917, the American desire for war from April 1917 to November 1918, and the domestic effects in American from the war from April 1917 to 1919. World War I helped the United States achieve a boom in its economy before the Great Depression and strengthened ties between the members of the Allied Powers. Work Cited Bailey, Thomas A., and David M. Kennedy. The American Spirit. 9th ed. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Print. Beasley, Mark W. Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace &, 1999. Print. Faragher, John M., Mari J. Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. Out of Many: A History of the American People. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.

Free Measure for Measure Essays: Mercy vs. Justice :: Measure for Measure

Mercy vs. Justice in Measure for Measure Theme: Mercy vs. Justice. Allusion to justice = eye for eye, tooth for tooth [measure for measure]; allusion to mercy = let him without sin cast the first stone [esp. sexual sin]. Summary: Duke wants to restore the strictness of fornication/adultery laws. He sets up Angelo to do it, while he feigns that he will be away. Instead he remains to check up on Angelo and the town (Vienna). Angelo goes ahead and closes down Overdone's brothel and the others, and puts Claudio in jail, condemned to die the morrow, for impregnating Juliet. Isabella, Claudio's sister and about to enter a nunnery, pleads for Angelo's mercy on him. Lucio counsels her to be warm to him, and she is just warm enough to inspire Angelo to seduce her: seduction in exchange for Claudio. The Duke, posing as a Friar, overhears her exchange with Claudio in which he counsels her to go through with the act. He enters and sets up a plan: Angelo ought to have married Mariana but didn't: Mariana therefore will go in Isabella's place. Angelo, after the deed, calls even more quickly for Claudio's head. The Duke (as Friar) puts this off: now Angelo is two steps behind (not knowing about either Mariana or Claudio). The Duke returns, as Duke, and asks for anyone against Angelo to speak. Isabella does: finally it comes out that the Friar was behind Isabella's suit. The Friar is called for, and so the Duke disappears and comes back as the Friar, but is revealed to be the Duke. The switch is revealed and Angelo must marry Mariana; Claudio is revealed as alive and is pardoned by the Duke. Lucio (a subplot) also gets his deserts. Morality: mercy wins over justice, and yet there is a strong sense of justice having been done. Symbolically accomplished by the Duke (justice) taking on the habit of "a true friar" (mercy but with sense of justice) starting with I.iii.48. II.i.17 ff, Angelo on justice without mercy: "'Tis one thing to be tempted, Escalus,/Another thing to fall. I not deny,/The jury, passing on the prisoner's life,/May in the sworn twelve have a thief or two/Guiltier than him they try. What's open made to justice,/That justice seizes: what know the laws/That thieves do pass on thieves?"--this is unmitigated justice, just as II.i.30-31: "Let mine own judgement pattern out my death, [which Angelo is willing to accept once caught, in V.

Aviation Essay -- essays research papers

There are several factors that enabled Wilbur and Orville Wright, two high school dropouts, to produce a successful airplane controlled by a pilot. The Wright brothers were self-educated and very experienced with several types of technologies when they began their efforts to produce an airplane. Having worked as bicycle mechanics, they understood the importance of several technologies working together to create one particular design, as well as the significance of balance. The brothers worked well together, learning from past attempts at aviation, and drawing from other’s findings, in addition to discovering many of their own. One of the most distinct differences in their attempt from other aviators was that the brothers began by first learning to fly and control the airplane in glider fo...

M2 – Discuss Two Major Theories of Ageing in Relation to the Development of Your Chosen Individual.

[pic] BTEC Extended National Diploma in Health & Social Care (Social Care) Unit 4 – Development through the Life Stages Assignment Title: Lecturer: Rebecca Drozd Room – Email – You will also need to: †¢ Word processed your work †¢ Include your name, pin & page numbers in a footer †¢ Use Harvard Referencing System in your work including a reference list †¢ Provide evidence of wider research by using various sources, e. g. websites, journals, text books. †¢ 1. 5 line space †¢ Use 12pt font size (Arial or Comic Sans) †¢ Please bring this Assignment Brief with you to every lesson.Launch date: First Submission date: Second submission date: | | |You are an investigative reporter on a celebrity magazine. You have been asked to discover all that you can about the development | |of a famous person of your choice. | Task One Produce a fact file which clearly describes the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development for each of the life stages of an individual to include relevant pictures, graphs and charts (P1) Grading Tip | |Your fact file needs to include information on the following: | | | |Life stages: conception; pregnancy; birth and infancy – 0-3 years; childhood – 4-9 years; adolescence – 10-18 years; adulthood – 19 | |-65 years; older adulthood; 65+; the final stages of life | | | |Definitions: growth; development; developmental norms; developmental milestones; life course; maturation; life expectancy | | | |Development; holistic development; physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social at each life stage; potential causes and | |effects of delayed and arrested development | Expand your fact file to include a discussion on the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of your individual (M1) Add a written evaluation on how nature and nurture may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of two stages of the developm ent of your chosen individual (D1) Grading Tip | |Use the following key words: | |Nature-nurture debate: key principles; biological programming; the effects of experiences versus heredity; maturation theory | Task Two | | |Your editor at the magazine has now asked you to research the life factors and life events that have influenced the development of this | |celebrity. | Develop your fact file further, and explain the potential effects of five different life factors on the development of the individual (P2) Grading Tip | | | |Use the following key words: | | | |Life factors: genetic, eg predisposition to particular conditions, cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease, asthma, brittle bone disease, | |rheumatic disease; biological, eg foetal alcohol syndrome, maternal infections, effects of diet in pregnancy; environmental, eg exposure to| |pollution, damp/ overcrowded housing, access to recreational facilities, access to health and social care services, bullying, family | |dysfunction, effects of culture, religion and beliefs, effects of discrimination; socioeconomic, eg income, expenditure, education, values | |and attitudes, peer groups, employment status; lifestyle, eg nutrition and dietary choices, alcohol intake, use and misuse of substances |Add a written statement that clearly explains the influences of two predictable and two unpredictable major life events on the development of your chosen individual (P3) |Grading Tip: Your fact file needs to include relevant pictures, graphs and charts. | |Use the following key words: | | | |Major life events: differences in effect of predictable and unpredictable events; eg the birth of a sibling, leaving home, leaving | |care, leaving prison, serious injury, illness, starting school/ nursery, beginning and changing employment, redundancy, bereavement, | |marriage, parenthood, divorce; the interrelationship between factors. | Launch date:First Submission date: Second submission date: Task Three |Vocational Setting: | | | |Your editor is very impressed with your work and has asked you to imagine that your chosen individual is now growing older. Will they| |still travel as much? Will they still like to be photographed? What kind of health and social care services will they require? Your | |fact file will need to include an explanation of the physical and psychological changes which may be part of the ageing process.This| |will require research to find the relevant information as your chosen individual may not be at this stage. | Expand your fact file to explain the two theories of ageing (P4) Discuss two major theories of ageing in relation to the development of your chosen individual. (M2) Include an evaluation on the influence of two major theories of ageing on health and social care provision. (D2) For your chosen individual, explain the effects of physical and psychological changes which may be associated with ageing (P5) and discuss the effects on self-esteem and self-confidence of the phy sical changes associated with ageing how those changes could affect their self-esteem and confidence. (M3) Grading Tip: | | | |Use the following key words: | | | |Physical changes: hormones; menopause; cardiovascular system, eg atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease; respiratory system, eg emphysema, | |chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; nervous system eg motor-neurone disease, degeneration of the sense organs, degeneration of the nervous| |tissue, cognitive changes,; muscular skeletal, eg rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, effects of degenerative disease, muscle wasting due | |to poor absorption of nutrients; skin, eg loss of elasticity, effects of exposure to ultra violet rays, effects of smoking; the effects of | |illnesses that are more common in ageing | | | |Psychological changes: effects on confidence; effects on self-esteem; effects on ageism; effects of, eg role changes, loss of partner, | |retirement, increased leisure time, financial concerns, culture, religion, beliefs; theories of ageing, eg social disengagement, activity | |theory; application to current health and social care provision |

Media Content Analysis of Espn Essay

ESPN demonstrates how a monopoly works in the contemporary media landscape, a landscape in which the cost of information is diminishing and the necessity of diversified revenue streams is increasing. By distributing content across multiple platforms, like their website, their television programs, their magazine and their mobile applications, ESPN maintains a steady position as the leader in sports news. No competitor has managed to knock ESPN off its horse, primarily because ESPN can outbid practically any other network or media group for content. The media groups of individual sports leagues like Major League Baseball pose an interesting threat to ESPN. These groups develop their own networks designed to produce content for one sport only, like baseball. They’re capable of offering products that ESPN can’t due to the amount and variation of content that ESPN covers. Fortunately for ESPN, the idea of partnering and revenue sharing is appealing to these networks due to ESPN’s wide audience base. What makes ESPN special is their ability to deliver a set of experiences that other networks cannot compete with. When content becomes homogenous between networks, it’s the availability and delivery of the content that makes a difference, and right now, no one delivers sports news like ESPN. In today’s media landscape, it’s extremely difficult to dominate a market. It’s difficult to even stay solvent for many news organizations. Bankruptcy, or the threat of bankruptcy, haunts just about every major newspaper in the country, including the Chicago Tribune, who filed for Chapter 11 at the end of 2008. Broadcast audiences in most large cities are divided up among the big network affiliates like ABC, NBC and FOX, and magazine subscriptions and revenues continue to decline. Despite uncertain times, one media group maintains a monopoly on their market. Often referred to as a â€Å"cartel,† Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) has dominated the sports media industry across multiple platforms for decades. Seemingly always multiple steps ahead of their largest competitors, CBS and NBC Sports, ESPN has developed mobile apps, a network of television channels, a documentary series and other original content that simply overwhelms their audience. Being the â€Å"Worldwide Leader in Sports† comes with its criticisms, of course. ESPN is often accused of biased reporting and engaging in conflicts of interest, notably, their development of the Longhorn Network with the University of Texas. Regardless, consumers turn to ESPN for sports news and content. In their mission statement, they say they endeavor â€Å"To serve sports fans wherever sports are watched, listened to, discussed, debated, read about or played,† and that â€Å"People are our most valuable resource, and care and respect for employees and each other will always be at the heart of our operations. † ESPN is in the unique position of being the people’s champion of the sports media landscape. Since its inception in September of 1979, ESPN has appealed to consumers on a more conversational, personable level than most other sports outlets or media organizations. The network has developed personalities like Chris â€Å"Boomer† Berman and Stuart Scott who involve their audience by combining references to pop-culture with sports. As a result, ESPN has developed as an incredibly strong brand, known for being â€Å"cool. † Competitors like CBS and NBC Sports are certainly well established brands of their own, but their brands aren’t as â€Å"hip† as ESPN. By generating cross-platform content with ESPN the Magazine, ESPN. com and the more recent ESPN ScoreCenter mobile app, ESPN has carved up the sports media landscape to their liking, dictating how information is disseminated. While ESPN has done an amazing job up until now, they face the danger of losing specialized audiences to channels like the MLB Network and NFL Network who siphon off consumers with very specific sports interests. With companies like Major League Baseball Advanced Media (BAM) pioneering new applications like â€Å"MLB at Bat† and inking new television deals that revolutionize the way baseball fans follow the national pastime, ESPN has to be concerned. It’s unlikely ESPN will ever lose all of their broadcasting rights to MLB games, their audience is just too large, but once more baseball fans realize their interests might be better served with MLB. om and the MLB Network, ESPN could see declines in ratings and viewership to programming like. Sunday Night Baseball. In order to prevent that, ESPN has to consider mergers and collaborations. While the MLB might not be interested, yet, ESPN has already reached out to the NFL Network about the possibility of combining their ESPN Classics channel with the NFL Network. By doing so, the long arm of ESPN could bolster viewership and the specialized content of the NFL Network could expand advertising revenues. Whether a similar deal could be made with the MLB Network, which, as the MLBAM case study stated, â€Å"is the gold standard among sports leagues,† is uncertain, but often these specialized networks see themselves as broadcast partners, not competitors of ESPN. By Harold Vogel’s own definition in his text Entertainment Industry Economics: A Guide for Financial Analysis, ESPN is a monopoly. There are no close substitutes for their output, they set prices, and there are barriers that prevent potential competitors from entering the market. In an article that appeared in the Sports Business Journal Daily in 2009 entitled â€Å"Industry wonders who will challenge ESPN,† staff writer John Ourand says that if a competitor were to emerge, they would have to do it between 2011 and 2014, when many of the major sports leagues TV deals expire. Regardless of expiration dates, ESPN is capable of outbidding just about anyone when it comes to content packages. They outbid FOX by $100 million in 2009 to secure the rights to the College Football Bowl Series through 2014. ESPN’s foothold on the sports media landscape is intimidating. Effectively, ESPN has constructed barriers to entry because no one is capable of competing with them on the same level across multiple platforms. Additionally, they’re usually willing to share revenues with other networks if it means increased viewership on their own channels. Vogel defines entertainment as that which produces a pleasurable and satisfying experience and cites Becker (1965) and DeSerpa (1971) for suggesting that the demand for leisure is affected in a complicated way by the cost of time both to produce and to consume. ESPN does a marvelous job maximizing the return on the amount of time spent consuming their products. It takes a mere moment to absorb the final score of the Chicago Bulls game via the ScoreCenter app. It takes just minutes to read an article about the game on ESPN. com and a consumer can spend upwards of thirty minutes watching SportsCenter where they can see highlights of the game and hear an analysis of it. In chapter two of Vogel’s text, it is explained that distribution power trumps control of content: â€Å"The best content in the world is not worth nything if it cannot be made readily available to audiences. † So, what is the result of the strongest distribution power and the best content in the world? The result is ESPN, a monopoly. The breakdown of gatekeeping that has affected so many media companies hasn’t resulted in a loss of control or profitability for ESPN. Instead, ESPN has embraced the greater empowerment of the user that Vogel’s speaks of. Increased â€Å"participation, engagement, connectivity, customization, personalization and collaboration† between users and the content ESPN creates has actually helped ESPN maintain and grow their audience. Viewers now send in videos to SportsCenter that are considered for segments like the â€Å"Top 10† and the â€Å"Not Top 10,† which highlight the best and worst of the week in sports. SportsCenter, ESPN. com and some of their original programming like SportsNation rely heavily on audience polls. SportsNation, in particular, is a program almost completely dedicated to polling fans about topics like the best slam dunks, touchdowns, even the best athlete’s beard (James Harden, Oklahoma City Thunder). By engaging their viewers, ESPN continues to improve the user experience, which Vogel explains is what media companies are actually selling, a set of experiences. Fantasy sports are another experience ESPN is trying to sell. ESPN’s biggest competitor in the fantasy sports market is Yahoo!. It is one frontier where ESPN hasn’t completely dominated, but that doesn’t mean they’re not trying. Fantasy Sports are now incorporated into their original programming, giving the average player insights as to who to â€Å"start† and who to â€Å"bench† for a particular game. It’s just one more way for ESPN to engage their audience and diversify the digital distribution of their products. I think ESPN is an exemplary media content producer. In fact, I aspire to work for them one day. I acknowledge the potential issues associated with being considered a â€Å"cartel,† but I subscribe to the notion that if you can’t beat them, join them. I’m not entirely convinced of their biased reporting, either. ESPN employs a diverse variety of reporters who frequently disagree with one another. Additionally, they have provided a platform for female reporters pioneering their way into sports journalism. The latest irritations from viewers revolve around over-reporting of certain topics, like Tim Tebow and Jeremy Lin. I personally don’t mind. ESPN does an excellent job engaging their viewers, diversifying content across multiple platforms, and embracing and monetizing digital distribution of information. I do think a competitor or two will come along in the near future, but I don’t think the downfall of ESPN is in anywhere in sight. Viewers love ESPN because it feels like home, and no one is ready to move just yet.

Flannery O’Connor Essay

Flannery O’Connor was a devout Catholic on the protestant south. All her life she was a white crow, the rest of her life she was diagnosed by lupus and has spent on the farm in Georgia with her mother. Religion was a huge part of her life besides writing, O’Connor gave lectures on faith and literature about her religion and once she said: â€Å"I feel that if I were not a Catholic I would have no reason to write, no reason to see, no reason ever to feel horrified or even to enjoy anything. † (Niederauer, George H. Flannery O’Connor’s vision of faith, church and modern consciousness† Center for Catholic Studies and Social Thoughts. 27 Sep. 2007.   Lane Center Lecture Series. 19 Oct. 2011) It is obvious if a person interested in something it will reflects on his or hers life. Flannery O’Connor was a catholic and we see how her religious belief reflects on every storyline. Flannery was interested in raising peacocks, and enclose feather of this beautiful birds into every letter. Through the letters which was edited after her death by Ellie Fitzgerald it is shown the way how Flannery searching for a God. Flannery was a Roman Catholics on the south, but her stories are about Protestants who are searching for the Truth. She wants to show a grace in every main character, devotion to the Christ and to force her characters to suffer, go through the pain and violent to reach grace. In Revelation we have met with a main character Mrs. Turpin who is very faithful to the Christ not to a God. Here Flannery O’Connor reminds about herself in this character. Because she believed in Incarnation doctrine which Church taught that God become a human and converts to a Jesus. Mrs.  Turpin always talking with Jesus asking questions, arguing with him about problems that has appeared in her life. The main character in this story not a true believer, she is just talking that she is so good and very religious person, but she is not. She doesn’t have this gift called faith in her heart; probably she lost faith as she loose her appetite. Mrs. Turpin doesn’t realize is how much religion cost and she understands that is better to believe than no to believe. Flannery was worry about the thought that people do not understand how religion is important and how it’s worth. Mrs. Turpin character is the figure of a person that Flannery O’Connor don’t wanted to be. Mrs. Turpin is a self-righteous, very shallow thinking person she doesn’t look into people’s inner world she is judging them by their race and the way they look alike. Mrs. Turpin is egocentric which is not allowed in any of religions how she can convince herself in true believing if she is thinking she is better than every person in this waiting room. Such things as: is it better to be a white trash or a Negro woman will never came to her narrow mind if she would be a true believer. Mrs. Turpin has been wrestling with grace, Flannery O’Connor believed that we all does she puts her characters into the situations which allows them to fight for grace she thought grace change us and to wrestle with grace means that you don’t want to change yourself in order to became a true believer. Here it is a scene in the story when Mrs. Turpin sitting in the waiting room and hears a song she doesn’t catch every word but she caught the spirit of this song, which makes her thoughts sober. She starts to think that she is very helpful women and it doesn’t matter which race or social class she would placed to it is rather to be kind and ugly woman than to be rich and not a good woman. Through the story it is shown the way Mrs. Turpin changing her mind, her thoughts became sober it seems like she is transforms as the story goes. But still Mrs. Turpin thinking she is better than everyone she is towering over everyone and she is a decent believer and she is showing to visitors in the waiting room the way how grateful to a Jesus she is for everything that she has. And exactly at this moment the book stroke her by an ugly girl and Flannery O’Connor uses this moment as a moment of violence to forward her character into a way religious people supposed to be to reach a grace. This ugly girl called Mr. Turpin a wart hog which was very offending to her she is a clean and goes to church regularly and this is what redeems her. This moment is a breaking point in the story that makes Mr. Turpin to think about her inner world and not to lie to her. These words are message from the God she received to reach revelation. She is judging people and she will be judged by a God as others. The last scene in the story reveals this judgment, when Mrs. Turpin imagine heaven scene where she saw whole companies in heaven. She didn’t expect it; she thought she and people from her social class deserve to be in heaven but not a white trash or black people and freaks. This is a new class Mr. Turpin highlight during the story and includes in this class the ugly girl who attacked her. All this social classes that were divided into groups by Mrs. Turpin were tumbled into heaven. White trash, black people in white robes, freaks leaping like frogs and bringing up the end of the procession was a tribe of people to whom Mrs. Turpin concern herself and her husband Claud. Mrs. Turpin was kind of a woman who knows exactly what she thinks who sees a lot and understands nothing; she was a good religious woman who has never tried to look deeper into religion aspects. At the end of the story it is eternal time giving to Mrs. Turpin to think about her mistakes and her attitudes to religion to people and finally find grace and to receive revelation from God. Flannery O’Connor’s characters go through short and harsh lifecycle as a challenge and searching for revelation. She was a white crown in front of thousands of Protestants who wants to show through her short stories the Truth that her characters are searching for during their short life in the stories. Her rare inherited decease lupus misunderstanding from the Protestant society, loneliness the fact that she was never married, her spiritual life all this facts goes through her veins to the pen and expressed as a basement for writing her stories.

Environmental Science and Ethics: Global Warming Essay

Global Warming can be defined as the continuous rising of temperature of the globe. This phenomenon is brought about by the greenhouse gases that rise into the atmosphere. The gases are trapped within the atmosphere by the sun’s energy. The build up of these gases had caused the globe to warm-up. National Resource Defence Council had noted that that over the 50 years the average global temperature has increased in a very fast rate and according to scientists, this would continue still in the future. It has been further analyzed that average temperature in the United States would increase 3 to 9 degrees higher at the end of the century. Future predictions from the Environmental Protection Agency of America reveal that the world would experience increasingly hot summers and intense thunderstorms. As stated above, the cause of Global Warming is the greenhouse gases. According to the website, timeforchange. com, the major natural greenhouse gases are water vapour Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Ozone. When sunlight reaches the earth’s atmosphere, it is absorbed and it warms the earth. Most of the heat is enclosed in the atmosphere at a longer time than the sunlight. This in turn creates the warming effect around the globe. The greenhouse gases acts like a reflector of heat radiation to the Earth’s atmosphere. Investigation of experts show that the higher the concentration of greenhouse gases, the higher would be the heat reflected to the Earth’s atmosphere. The National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) shows that Carbon Dioxide is one of the major contributors of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere which causes around 9 to 26%. Coal burning power plants are stated as the largest source of Carbon Dioxide in the United States. Carbon Dioxide produced every year is 2. 5 billion tons every year. Automobiles are the second largest source which produces 1. 5 billion tons every year. Based on statistics from NRDC, the largest source of global warming pollution is the United States. Creating a ratio and proportion examination, Americans are 4 percent of the world’s population. However, the United States contributes 25% of the Carbon Dioxide pollution in the atmosphere. Comparing numbers, 4% of the people in the globe produce a quarter of the pollutants. This only shows that control is necessary in this particular area. Further investigating the phenomenon, there are four major effects of Global Warming. These are climate pattern changes, health effects, warming water and ecosystem disruption. Average warmer temperatures rises as a result, the frequency of heat waves rises. The probability of having drought and wildfire also increases. The warmer temperature results to a higher rate of evaporation during the seasons of summer and fall. As evidence, there has been a recorded drought in the years 1999 to 2002. This has been noted as one of the widespread droughts in the last 40 years. Another is that the Firefighting expenditures have consistently increased by $1 billion per year. Heated climates cause heat waves and the heat waves result in heat related deaths. In the year 2003, an estimate of 35,000 lives were claimed by heat waves in Europe. It can be further noted that the temperature had reached 104 degrees Fahrenheit and the temperature had not changed for two weeks. Aside from the heat waves, the heat had also caused increased in weed growth wherein the pollen triggers allergies and causes asthma. Mosquitoes can further survive because of the increase in temperature. Mosquitoes carryng dengue viruses and Malaria can survive in elevations as high as 7,200 feet in Colombia. The warming of water had caused more powerful and dangerous hurricanes according to the NRDC. As explained by the council, warmer water in the oceans drives more energy into tropical storms. This in turn causes the storms to become more destructive and intense. As evidence, the number of storms within the category of 4 and 5 had increased in the last 35 years. The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season had shown a record of 27 storms where 15 of the storms had become hurricanes. Another is Hurricane Katrina that had happened in the year 2005. The melting of glaciers and ice thaw is also an effect of the warming water. Ski Resorts in the Alps as per Cline (2005) had all increased elevations and some ski resorts should not be opened because of the line of snow reliability had increased. Further elevation of snow is needed in order to operate a ski resort. The Ecosystem shifts and some of the species die. As a result of the warmer temperature, some of the species in the ecosystem die because the species cannot adopt to the warmer climate. As per NRDC, there are more than one million species that would be extinct in the year 2050 because of global warming. The most possible ecosystems that would be affected are thouse in the Alps, the tropical mountains and the mangrove forests. The warmer temperature and rise in the sea level would not be able to support the ecosystems in the near future. There had been several solutions that had been several solutions that had been enumerated by the National Resource Defense Council. These are to save energy using appliances that has the energy star level on it. By being able to save energy, this may have an effect in the energy produced by the coal burning power plants. Another possible solution is the modification of vehicles which are the second largest contributor of the greenhouse gases. The fuel burning models of to-date would be modified by the fuel cell technology cars that would be introduced in the next twenty years. This does not only concern vehicles but also aircrafts. There has been a study from the NRDC that the airline industry seeks information on algae-based fuel and biobutanol, which can be made from sugar, beets, corn, wheat and straw. Last solution that can be noted in the report of the NRDC is the burying of coal underground. The United States is looking at future prospects of converting coal into a clear burning gas and capturing Carbon Dioxide. The Carbon Dioxide would then be buried underground to prevent it from being released to the atmosphere. Looking at the effects of the global warming to the environment, it is only right to have laws and further investigate the matter. However, there are some who use this global phenomenon as a means to gain fame, money, grants and chances for a better life. Driessen (2007) had shown the different angles that can be illustrated because of the global warming phenomenon. The main topic of his article shows that the issue of global warming had caused alarm however it had also helped produced financial and political incentives. It has been shown in the article that the some scientists had used the study of global warming to improve their chances of getting research grants and foundations in companies, foundations and the government. Politicians gain credentials because they had put in interest in global warming. They had put their pork barrels into projects that would promote ethical planetary protection. Driessen (2007) had stressed that corporate responsibility was promoted by some politicians. There are several actions that were supposed to be negated but instead are praised by the people because the consequences of actions that had been taken by the politicians are not shown at present. The effects of their actions can only be seen in the long run. The politicians had cemented their relationships with the environmentalists because of the environmental protection projects that they had attributed in lieu of global warming. Another group that had benefited from the global warming phenomenon are the environmentalists. Driessen (2007) had taken note of the manipulation of the environmental activists that had led them to use the global warming situation to raise funds. It had become a strategy for these groups to have control over a global resource through the use of laws, treaties, regulation and pressure campaigns. Environmental Defense of the government had blamed the warming of the environment to the situation brought about by the increasing cases of disease such as malaria. Looking at this angle closely, the environmental defense could have made preventive measures like fumigation in order to kill the mosquitoes that cause these diseases instead of blaming the climate. There are also some companies that may use the situation to further advertise their product which shows a self-interest in the business. According to an issue in New York Times by Revkin last 2005, the Bush Administration had made several notations on the notes about the climate changes. It was shown in the article that several officials in the government had manipulated the data about the climate because of the fact that America has been showing a very large contribution in the global warming phenomenon. In order to save face, the government had tried to change the readings in the climate. Thus, there were several incidents that showed that these were covered up by the government officials in the white house. Ethically speaking, as inhabitants of the Earth, the people must concentrate on solving the problem of global warming and not on focusing on things that are just for show. Some may show that they are doing a particular thing to save the planet but if the deed is analyzed more closely, it was being done in order to benefit on what they can get out of the people who would believe on their actions. Global Warming is a very serious topic and it needs every person’s cooperation in order to put things in order. Being able to create projects and research that help investigate global warming is not enough. What is important in the issue of Global Warming is the actions that each and every one would do to prevent further damage of the phenomenon to the environment. REFERENCES Revkin, A. (2005). Bush Aide Softened Greenhouse Gas Links to Global Warming. New York Times. 8 June 2005. Retrieved last January 15, 2008 from http://www. nytimes. com/2005/06/08/politics/08climate. html? pagewanted=1&_r=1 Driessen, P. (2007) Global Warming, Ethics, Pork and Profits. Canada Free Press. 27 September 2007. Retrieved last January 15, 2008 from http://www. canadafreepress. com/2007/driessen020707. htm Time for Change (2007). Cause and Effect of Global Warming. Retrieved last January 16, 2007 from http://timeforchange. org/cause-and-effect-for-global-warming National Resource Defense Council. (2007). Global Warming Basics. NRDC: The Earth’s Best Defense. 9 February 2007. Retrieved last January 17, 2008 from http://www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/f101. asp National Resource Defense Council. (2007). Solving Global Warming it can be done. NRDC: The Earth’s Best Defense. 9 February 2007. Retrieved last January 17, 2008 from http://www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/solutions/default. asp National Resource Defense Council. (2007). Consequences of Global Warming. NRDC: The Earth’s Best Defense. 9 February 2007. Retrieved last January 17, 2008 from http://www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/fcons. asp Environmental Protection Agency. (2002). Global Warming: Cause and Effects. Retrieved last January 15, 2008 from http://chronicle. augusta. com/images/headlines/080402/Global_Warming. jpg