African American Population Essay

Toward the start of every decade in the United States an evaluation is taken to decide the populace (Gale, 2008). While the 2000 statistics expresses that the African American populace makes up 13% of the American populace. Also, predicts it will remain a similar rate until the year 2050. The African American populace will imitate and add to the world as other greater part and minority gatherings. So why wouldn’t this gathering develop as a populace. African American Growth The African American populace has been developing in America since they were automatically brought here. From 1492 to 1820 the African American populace developed to 9. 5 million in the west alone (POPULATION, 2000). In 1900, there were 8. 8 million African Americans in the United States, speaking to 11. 6% of the absolute populace. Somewhere in the range of 1910 and 1930, the African American populace rate declined, arriving at a depressed spot in 1930 when the populace was just 9. 7% of the United States populace (Gale, 2008). Since 1930, the African American populace has developed at a quicker rate than national midpoints (POPULATION, 2000). More than four centuries the African American populace has gotten less rustic and concentrated than it was in the nineteenth century (POPULATION, 2000). African Americans don't need to suffer servitude. The gathering has additionally picked up indistinguishable rights from other minority and larger part gatherings. The United States Department of Commerce The Department of Commerce anticipates development operating at a profit populace. The United States Department of Commerce anticipates that the Black populace should make up 16 percent on the American populace, continuously 2050 (Black Collegian, 2002). The Department Economic and Statistic Administration will look at impact of the 2010 evaluation and the dark populace. The Administration will focus on the accounts of the Black populace and some other new viewpoints to audit. The enumeration Bureau The 2000 evaluation expresses that the African American populace makes up 13 percent of the American populace (U. S. Enumeration Bureau, 2000). The statistics likewise predicts that the African American populace will keep on making up just 13 percent in the year 2050 (Census, 2000). The Almanac proposes that African American are positioning lower than some other gathering in all classes. The chronicle reference pay holes between African Americans and different races. The Black, American Indian and Alaskan Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populaces are relied upon to keep up their portions of the populace in all arrangement (U. S. Statistics Bureau, 2008 and 2009). A populace that is having kids and playing a significant to the world as every single other populace can't remain the equivalent for a time of 50 years. The reference book of populace expressed that African American populace development expands a lot quicker than insights accept. The Department of Commerce predicts the African American populace will ascend to 16 percent in the year 2050. While the Census Bureau predicts that there will be no expansion in the African American populace in the year 2050 with out giving subtleties of why this expectation is exact. African American have persevered through an extraordinary battle in America. They have over came numerous deterrents and they will beat this one moreover. References POPULATION. (2000). In Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century. Recovered from http://www. credoreference. com/section/galeus/populationSmith, M. (2001). Ed. ). (1993). Dark Collegian. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. : . Recovered March 31, 2010Year, from com220. Reference book of populace (Ed. ). (2003). African American populace History. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. : . Recovered March 26, 2010Year, from com220. Boyle, K. (2010). The Promise land: The creation of African America. Retrived from New York Times book audit. Table 1 Type the table content here in italics; start another page for each table [Insert table here] Figure Captions Figure 1. Inscription of figure [Figures †note that this page doesn't have the original copy header and page number].

Ebonics :: essays research papers fc

EBONICS Ebonics, otherwise called Black English, is a nonstandard lingo spoken in numerous homes in the downtowns of America. This nonstandard language is frequently viewed as low-class or lethargic talk. This isn't the situation, in any case. Because of textures found in the vernacular, there is by all accounts a request. It has been discovered that, when learning English, African-Americans adjusted the language utilizing a portion of the structure and rules of their own local tongue. This Black English has carried on through subjection and afterward opportunity for a long time. In spite of the fact that there is a conjunction of multiple vernaculars in our general public, people with significant influence overlook the adaptability of our language and see no other route than the utilization of Standard English. Albeit numerous Americans will in general contempt any imprudent variety of the Standard English, adaptability of the language is, maybe, a fundamental explanation behind its endurance. In 1905, a Danish researcher and incredible expert on English, Otto Jespersen, composed: English resembles an English park, which is spread out apparently with no distinct arrangement, and which you are permitted to walk wherever concurring to your own extravagant without having a dread a harsh attendant authorizing thorough guidelines. (MacNeil 141) This opportunity has made the English we talk today. Albeit a little out of date, Oxford changes the principles concerning what is right English because of what is being spoken. In English Belongs to Everybody, Robert MacNeil, feels that English has flourished and developed in light of the fact that it had the option to acknowledge and retain change (140). So change in the English language encourages it develop, yet the tongue of the downtown blacks in our nation is viewed as an issue. To those in control, there is no more space for development. It is obvious that there are numerous kinds of lingo inside American English. The coinciding of at least two dialects, either serving together in a similar territory or overhauling various territories, is as old as language itself (Pei 106). This has occurred all through time and seems, by all accounts, to be unavoidable. It is difficult to accept a whole nation could fit in with one language, and afterward just a single lingo of that language. Since the beginning social orders have made due for quite a while utilizing various dialects until these language hindrances destroyed domains. It is obvious how, in America, hindrances between tongues separate dark men from white men much more than states of being.

Remeron (Mirtazapine) Antidepressant Information

Remeron (Mirtazapine) Antidepressant Information Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Treating Depression With Remeron (Mirtazapine) Weighing the Benefit and Risks of Treatment By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 14, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 30, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids BSIP / UIG / Getty Images Remeron (mirtazapine) is an atypical antidepressant approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults.  Remeron works by increasing the production of serotonin and norepinephrine, two neurotransmitters that are known to influence moods and cognition. While effective in treating MDD, Remeron is not used to treat depression related to bipolar disorder. Despite these benefits, Remeron poses an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and action in children, teens, and young adults. For this reason, Remeron is not commonly prescribed to anyone under 18 unless the potential benefits are seen to outweigh the risks. Indications Remeron is indicated for the treatment of clinical depression. A major depressive episode is defined as a prominent and persistent condition in which you feel depressed or have profound feelings of uneasiness (dysphoria) for at least two weeks. By definition, MDD is a condition that interferes with your ability to function normally. A diagnosis requires that at least five of the following nine symptoms be present within the span of two weeks with one of the symptoms being anhedonia:?? Depressed moodLoss of interest in usual activitiesSignificant changes in weight and/or appetiteInsomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping)Psychomotor agitation or retardationIncreased fatiguefeelings of guilt or worthlessnessSlowed thinking or impaired concentrationSuicidal thoughts  or a suicidal attempt Do You Know the Signs of Clinical Depression? Dosage Remeron is available in tablet form in dosages of 15, 30 and 45 milligrams (mg). It is also available in the same dosages as a dissolvable tablet. Generic mirtazapine is also supplied in a 7.5-milligram tablet.   The recommended dosage for adults with MDD is as follows: Initial dose: Start with 15 mg once daily, usually taken before bedtime to minimize symptoms. Remeron can be taken with or without food.Maintenance dose: Increase the medication dose every one to two weeks until the desired effect is achieved. You should never take more than 45 mg per day.Seniors 65 and older: Lower doses may be prescribed due to the increased risk of kidney impairment in older adults. Regular renal function tests would need to be performed to avoid toxicity and kidney failure. Remeron has not been confirmed to be safe in children or teens under 18. If Remeron is recommended for a younger person, ask what other treatment options are available and/or seek a second opinion to make a fully informed choice. Never stop taking Remeron without speaking with your doctor. Stopping suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms, including anxiety, tremors, vomiting, and a crawling skin sensation. Everything You Need to Know About Antidepressant Withdrawal Side Effects There  are  common side effects  associated with all antidepressant drugs. While many go away on their own within a few days or weeks, others may persist and become intolerable. There are several common side effects associated with Remeron use:?? SleepinessIncreased appetiteWeight gain (7 percent gain on average)DizzinessConstipationDry mouth (xerostomia)Abnormal, vivid dreams Interestingly, sedation often occurs at lower doses (15 mg) than higher ones.?? This is why some doctors will opt to start treatment at 30 mg doses to help minimize the sedative effect. If side effects worsen or persist for more than two weeks, call your doctor. Uncommon Side Effects Remeron poses a slight risk of causing agranulocytosis, a condition in which your white blood cell count is reduced, making it more difficult to fight infection. Other less common side effects include: Hyponatremia (low blood sodium)Serotonin syndromeStevens-Johnson syndrome (a potentially life-threatening drug reaction characterized by large, peeling blisters)Anaphylaxis (a potentially life-threatening, all-body allergy) Call 911 if you develop hives, rash, breathing difficulty, lightheadedness, confusion, rapid heart rate, or swelling of the face, throat, or tongue after taking Remeron. Black Box Warning The FDA issued a black box warning in 2004 advising doctors and patients about the increased risk of suicide in children??. Call your doctor or seek emergency care if you experience any of the following: Suicidal thoughts or actionsThoughts of dyingAggressive or violent behaviorsNew or worsening anxietyNew or worsening panic attackWorsening depressionManic behavior and inability to sleepTalking faster and more frenetically than normalActing on dangerous impulsesAny unusual change in mood, thoughts, or behavior In 2007, the FDA ordered that Remeron, along with other antidepressants, must carry an expanded black box warning advising consumers about the increased risk of suicidal symptoms in young adults 18 to 24, as well as children under 18.?? Contraindications Remeron is contraindicated in people with a known hypersensitivity to mirtazapine. Remeron should also not be used with another class of antidepressant known as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors??, which includes: Eldepryl (selegiline)Marplan (isocarboxazid)Nardil (phenelzine)Parnate (tranylcypromine)Zyvox (linezolid) Conversely, if you stop taking Remeron, you should wait for at least 14 days before starting an MAO inhibitor. The concomitant use of Remeron and an MAO inhibitor has been known to trigger serious and sometimes fatal reactions, including tremors, muscle rigidity, seizures, and hyperthermia (high body temperature), and coma.   The antibiotic Zyvox (linezolid) and intravenous methylene blue (used to treat blood oxygen problems) should be avoided due to an increased risk of serotonin syndrome.?? Drug Interactions There is a large number of drugs known to interact with Remeron. In some cases, the coadministered drug can increase the concentration of Remeron in the blood and, along with it, the severity of side effects. Others, specifically Tegretol (carbamazepine) and Dilantin (phenytoin), have the opposite effect. Others still can enhance the psychoactive effects of the Remeron, causing increased drowsiness and dizziness. Among some of the drugs known to interact with Remeron are: AlcoholAnticoagulants such as Coumadin (warfarin)Antidepressants such as Anafranil (clomipramine), Asendin (amoxapine), Aventy (nortriptyline), Elavil (amitriptyline), Norpramin (desipramine), Surmontil (trimipramine), Tofranil (imipramine), and Vivactil (protriptyline)Antifungals such as Nizoral (ketoconazole )BuspironeDilantin (phenytoin)ErythromycinFentanylLithiumMigraine medications such as Axert (almotriptan), Relpax (eletriptan), Frova (frovatriptan), Amerge (naratriptan), Maxalt  (rizatriptan), Imitrex (sumatriptan), and Zomig (zolmitriptan)RifampinSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Celexa (citalopram), Lexapro (escitalopram), Luvox (fluvoxamine), Prozac (fluoxetine), Paxil (paroxetine), and Zoloft (sertraline)Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as Cymbalta (duloxetine), Effexor (venlafaxine), and Pristiq (desvenlafaxine)St. Johns WortTagamet (cimetidine)Tegretol (carbamazepine)Ultram (tramadol)Valium (diazepam) Advise your doctor about any drugs you are taking, including over-the-counter medications, supplements, and herbal remedies. In some cases, a dose adjustment can overcome the interaction; in others, drug substitution may be needed. Other Considerations Remeron is classified as a Category C drug in pregnancy, meaning that there are no adequate clinical studies in humans but that animal research has shown an increased risk of adverse events.?? Low birth weight was commonly cited. Because animal studies dont always correspond to the same results in humans, it is important to speak with your doctor about both the potential risks and potential benefits of Remeron. Nursing mothers should be cautious about using Remeron. There are no serious reports showing that breastmilk from mothers taking Remeron is harmful, but lactating women should discuss its use with their doctors.?? Taking Antidepressants During Pregnancy

Globalization And The Transformation Of Unpaid Work

Globalization and the transformation of unpaid work. Gerhard Myburgh 26999935 Socl 224 Dr. Doret Botha 2) Table of contents Front page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Table of contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Approches to contemporary globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Phases of globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 5.1) The Germinal phase 5.2) The Incipient phase 5.3) The take-off phase 5.4) The struggle for hegemony phase 5.5) The uncertainty phase 6. Causes of globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 7. Transformation of unpaid work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 8. Impact of technology on globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 9.†¦show more content†¦The globalist view can be seen as positive or negative in the eyes of d ifferent people. The optimistic view being that globalization is exciting and creating a more diverse society but still recognize the dangers of global enviroment polution. Internationalists believe that most of the economic as well as social activity is regional and not global. Transformationalists argue that the nations state still remains powerfull and also feel that problems can be fixed by accomodating new forms of global governance (Kelly et al. 2004) 5) Phases of globalization There are 5 main phases of globalization that are going to be discussed. 5.1) Phase 1: The Germinal phase takes place in Europe in the early fifteenth up untill the mid-eighteenth century, where above all the growth of national communities and the accentuation of concepts of the individual and of ideas about humanity as a whole. 5.2) Phase 2: The Incipient phase taking place between the mid-eighteenth century untill the 1870’s and focusses on the idea of the homogenous, unitary state (1990, 26). 5.3) Phase 3: The take-off phase takes place between the 1870’s and the mid-1920’s where global conceptions start to rise about what constitutes an â€Å"acceptable† national society. 5.4) Phase 4: The struggle for hegemony phase lasts from the early 1920’s untill the mid-1960’s that consists of disputes about wars and the fragile terms about globalization (1990, 27). 5.5) Phase 5: The uncertainty phaseShow MoreRelatedRecent Transformations Of Work And Their Gains And Losses For Men And Women Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesto which recent transformations in work represent gains and losses for men and women. 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Political Risk Analysis Kenya 2012 Free Essays

string(61) " recover in this period, with real GDP growth registering 2\." Political Risk Analysis KENYA Table of contents Kenya covers an area of 582,646 square kilometers. The land stretches from the sea level (Indian Ocean) in the east, to 5,199 meters at the peak of the snow-capped Mount Kenya. From the coast, the altitude changes gradually through the coastal belt and plains (below 152 meters above sea level), the dry intermediate low belt to what is known as the Kenya Highlands (over 900 meters above sea level). We will write a custom essay sample on Political Risk Analysis Kenya 2012 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The monotony of terrain in the low belt is broken by residual hills, masses of broken boulders and inselbergs. Settlement is confined to places where water can be found. Wildlife are masters of the greater part of the low belt. The famous Amboseli Game Reserve and Tsavo National Parks are situated here. The Great Rift Valley bisects the Kenya Highlands into east and west. Mount Kenya is on the eastern side. The Highlands are cool and agriculturally rich. Both large and small holder farming is carried out in the highlands. The Lake Victoria Basin is dominated by Kano plains which are suited for farming through irrigation. The northern part of Kenya is plain and arid. However, a variety of food crops do well through irrigation. Kenya is located approximately 8-10 hours flying time from major European cities, and about 16-20 hours flying time from North American cities. 1. 2. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Kenya enjoys a tropical climate. It is hot and humid at the coast, temperate inland and very dry in the north and northeast parts of the country. The average annual temperature for the coastal town of Mombasa (altitude 17 meters) is 30. 0 Celsius maximum and 22. 40 Celsius minimum, the capital city, Nairobi (altitude 1,661 meters) 25. 20 Celsius maximum and 13. 60 Celsius minimum, Eldoret (altitude 3,085) 23. 60 Celsius maximum and 9. 50 Celsius minimum, Lodwar (altitude) 506 meters) and the drier north plain lands 34. 80 Celsius maximum and 23. 70 Celsius minimum. There is plenty of sunshine all the year round a nd summer clothes are worn throughout the year. However, it is usually cool at night and early in the morning. The long rains occur from April to June and short rains from October to December. The rain-fall is sometimes heavy and when it does come it often falls in the afternoons and evenings. The hottest period is from February to March and coldest in July to August. The annual migration of wildlife between Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and Maasai Mara National Park in Kenya takes place between June and September. The migration of almost two million wildebeest, zebras and other species is nature’s greatest spectacle on earth. 1. 3. POPULATION Kenya’s population has rapidly increased over the past several decades, and consequently it is relatively young. Some 73% of Kenyans are under 30. In 50 years, Kenya’s population has grown from 7 million to 43 million. Kenya is a country of great ethnic diversity. Most Kenyans are bilingual in English and Swahili. Kenya has a very diverse population that includes three of Africa’s major sociolinguistic groups: Bantu (67%), Nilotic (30%), and Cushitic (3%). Kenyans are deeply religious. About 80% of Kenyans are Christian, 11% Muslim, and the remainders follow traditional African religions or other faiths. Most city residents retain links with their rural, extended families and leave the city periodi-cally to help work on the family farm. About 75% of Kenya’s population lives in rural areas and relies on agriculture for most of its income. Nearly half the country’s 42 million people are poor, or unable to meet their daily nutritional requirements. The national motto of Kenya is Harambee, meaning â€Å"pull together. † In that spirit, volunteers in hundreds of communities build schools, clinics, and other facilities each year and collect funds to send students abroad. 1. 4. BACKGROUND OF KENYA’S ECONOMY (1960-2010) Kenya is the largest economy in east Africa and is a regional financial and transportation hub. After independence, Kenya promoted rapid economic growth through public invest-ment, encouragement of smallholder agricultural production, and incentives for private (of-ten foreign) industrial investment. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an annual average of 6. 6% from 1963 to 1973. Agri-cultural production grew by 4. 7% annually during the same period, stimulated by redistrib-uting estates, diffusing new crop strains, and opening new areas to cultivation. After experiencing moderately high growth rates during the 1960s and 1970s, Kenya’s eco-nomic performance during the 1980s and 1990s was far below its potential. From 1991 to 1993, Kenya had its worst economic performance since independence. Growth in GDP stagnated, and agricultural production shrank at an annual rate of 3. 9%. In-flation reached a record 100% in August 1993. In the mid-1990s, the government imple-mented economic reform measures to stabilize the economy and restore sustainable growth, including lifting nearly all administrative controls on producer and retail prices, im-ports, foreign exchange, and grain marketing. Nevertheless, the economy grew by an annual average of only 1. 5% between 1997 and 2002, which was below the population growth estimated at 2. % per annum, leading to a decline in per capita incomes. The poor economic performance was largely due to inappropriate agricultural, land, and industrial policies compounded by poor international terms of trade and governance weaknesses. Increased government intrusion into the private sector and import substitution policies made the manufacturing sector uncompetitive. The p olicy environment, along with tight import controls and foreign exchange controls, made the do-mestic environment for investment unattractive for both foreign and domestic investors. The Kenyan Government’s failure to meet commitments related to governance led to a stop-start relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, both of which suspended support in 1997 and again in 2001. During President Kibaki’s first term in office (2003-2007), the Government of Kenya began an ambitious economic reform program and resumed its cooperation with the World Bank and the IMF. There was some movement to reduce corruption in 2003, but the government did not sustain that momentum. Economic growth began to recover in this period, with real GDP growth registering 2. You read "Political Risk Analysis Kenya 2012" in category "Essay examples" % in 2003, 4. 3% in 2004, 5. 8% in 2005, 6. 1% in 2006, and 7. 0% in 2007. However, the economic effects of the violence that broke out after the December 27, 2007 general election, compounded by drought and the global financial crisis, brought growth down to less than 2% in 2008. In 2009, there was modest improvement with 2. 6% growth. In May 2009, the IMF Board approved a disbursement of approximately $200 million under its Exogenous Shock Facility (ESF), which is designed to provide policy support and financial assistance to low-income countries facing exogenous but temporary shocks. The ESF re-sources were meant to help Kenya recover from the negative impact of higher food and in-ternational fuel and fertilizer costs, and the slowdown in external demand associated with the global financial crisis. In January 2011, the IMF approved a 3-year, $508. 7-million ar-rangement for Kenya under the Fund’s Extended Credit Facility. To a considerable extent, the government’s ability to stimulate economic demand through fiscal and monetary policy is linked to the pace at which the government is pursuing reforms in other key areas. The Privatization Law was enacted in 2005, but only became operational as of January 1, 2008. Parastatals Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), Telkom Kenya, and Kenya Re-Insurance have been privatized. The government sold 25% of Safaricom (10 billion shares) in 2008, reducing its share to 35%. Accelerating growth to achieve Kenya’s potential and reduce the poverty that afflicts about 46% of its population will require con-tinued deregulation of business, improved delivery of government services, addressing structural reforms, massive investment in new infrastructure (especially roads), reduction of chronic insecurity caused by crime, and improved economic governance generally. The gov-ernment’s Vision 2030 plan calls for these reforms, but realization of the goals could be de-layed by coalition politics and line ministries’ limited capacity. Economic expansion is fairly broad-based and is built on a stable macro-environment fos-tered by government, and the resilience, resourcefulness, and improved confidence of the private sector. Despite the post-election crisis, Nairobi continues to be the primary commu-nication and financial hub of East Africa. It enjoys the region’s best transportation linkages, communications infrastructure, and trained personnel, although these advantages are less prominent than in past years. Kenya faces profound environmental challenges brought on by high population growth, de-forestation, shifting climate patterns, and the overgrazing of cattle in marginal areas in the north and west of the country. Significant portions of the population will continue to require emergency food assistance in the coming years. Kenya is pursuing regional economic integration, which could enhance long-term growth prospects. The government is pursuing a strategy to reduce unemployment by expanding its manufacturing base to export more value-added goods to the region while enabling Kenya to develop its services hub. In March 1996, the Presidents of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda re-established the East Afri-can Community (EAC). The EAC’s objectives include harmonizing tariffs and customs regimes, free movement of people, and improving regional infrastructures. In March 2004, the three East African countries signed a Customs Union Agreement paving the way for a common market. The Customs Union and a Common External Tariff were es-tablished on January 1, 2005, but the EAC countries are still working out exceptions to the tariff. Rwanda and Burundi joined the community in July 2007. In May 2007, during a Com-mon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) summit, 13 heads of state endorsed a move to adopt a COMESA customs union and set December 8, 2008 as the target date for its adoption. On July 1, 2010, the EAC Common Market Protocol, which allows for the free movement of goods and services across the five member states, took effect. In October 2008, the heads of state of EAC, COMESA, and the Southern African Development Communi-ty (SADC) agreed to work toward a free trade area among all three economic groups with the eventual goal of establishing a customs union. If realized, the Tripartite Free Trade area would cover 26 countries. 2. POLITICAL CRITERIA 2. 1. GENERAL From the moment Kenya became independent, they went through lots of big changes. In 1962 the KANU-KADU coalition government was formed. The coalition government included both Kenyatta and Ngala. The country was divided in 7 regions and each one of the regions had its own regional assembly. After forming the coalition, the principle of reserving seats in the parliament for non-Africans was abandoned and the first open elections were held in May 1963. In 1964 Kenya became a republic, and constitutional changes further centralized the government (Wikipedia – September 2012). When in 1978 Daniel Arap Moi became president in an authoritarian and corrupt manner, there were several changes in the politic of Kenya. Moi reduced the power of the Kenyatta’s men in the cabinet by identifying them to be traitors. Also although the parliament started off as coalition during the whole presidency of Moi there was only one party who had all the power. Even after being requested by United States to have multi-party system Moi declined. In the end because of the local and foreign pressure Moi was forced to accept a new party so that the multy-party could be restored. Moi won the elections in 1992 and 1997 where he used fear and electoral fraud to win (Wik-ipedia – July 2008). In 2002 Moi was not able to present himself in the presidential elections because it is stated in the Kenya’s constitution that a present cannot be in the presidential elections more than three times. Moi unsuccessfully tried to promote Uhuru Kenyatta, as his successor. Moi’s former vice-president Mwai Kibaki was elected president by a large majority. International and local observers reported that the 2002 elections to be generally more fair than those of both 1992 and 1997 when Moi was elected as president. Kibaki lost quickly much of its power because his regime was too close linked with the Moi forces. The continuity between Kibaki and Moi became one of the reasons for the self-destruction of Kibaki’s regime. In 2007 Odinga attacked the failures of the Kibaki regime. In December Odinga won majority of the seats in the Parliament, but the presidential elections votes were divided. In the end it became never clear who won the elections, still the election committee stated that Kibaki was the winner. Odinga accused Kibaki of corruption which resulted in several big confrontations between followers of Odinga and Kibaki. The European Union did not agree with the outcome either because of the detected fraud in the presidential elections. As relation mass protest were triggered, bring-ing simmering ethnic tensions. The protest and the ongoing violence between several groups continued and became worse over the months. Between December and February 1. 500 people died and 600. 000 people became homeless. The United Nations tried to settle and offered a compromise whereby Kibaki stayed president and Odinga became Prime Minister (Chartis – February 2008). In August 2010, a reference date taken on a new Kenyan constitution. The new Kenyan con-stitution restricted the power of president which would benefit to the parliament and re-gions. The reference date was accepted by the majority of parliament and passed peacefully. 2. 2. THE POLITICAL BALANCE OF POWER Various people speak of the heritance of Moi when looked at Kibaki and the amount of pow-er he has. Moi reduced the power of the cabinet – this resulted in more power for him, the president. When Kibaki became the president he had his first years as much power as Moi had in his years. But the second time Kibaki became president there were many protests against him becoming the president. Many people and also Odinga accused him winning unfairly. United Nations stepped in and made Odinga prime minister and shortly after that the Kenyan constitution changed. With the new Kenyan constitution rules Kibaki, or the pre-sent president, is not allowed to appoint more than 50% of the ministers. The rest of the ministers can be chosen by the prime minister. In this way the president is never able to al-ways have full support by his ministers. Nowadays you can speak of a power-sharing cabinet in Kenya. The cabinet is fifty percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Odinga appointed ministers. At the moment we can speak of balanced coalition when we look at Kenya. 2. 3. PRESENT GOVERNMENT AND HIS ATTITUDES AND PROGRAMS Although many opposed of Kibaki to become the president Kenya again in 2007 he did by some say an outstanding job. The country is compared to the Moi years much better man-aged and has by far more competent personnel (Wikipedia – October 2012). Many sectors of the economy have recovered from collapsing in 2003. So did many state corporations who had collapsed during the Moi years have been revived and are performing profitably. Also the infrastructure has been going through changes. Several ambitious infra-structural and other projects are planned or ongoing. Kibaki also introduced the Constituency Development Fund, this was introduced in 2003. The fund was designed to develop resources across regions and to control imbalances in regional development. The CDF program has invested in putting up new water, health and education facilities. There was also special attention for the remote areas of Kenya; these areas were usually overlooked during projects (CDF – official website). Another fact is since the presidency of Kibaki the dependence of Kenya on aid by western donors has been decreased. The country is still getting funded significant but is now finding more fund by internally generated resources, such as tax. During Kibaki presidency, Kenya was more democratic and freer than before. When Kibaki came to power in 2003, he gave away free learning in primary school as well as in secondary school. This resulted in increase of number of children in primary- as in secondary school. 2. 4. POLITICAL STABILITY IN KENYA Before August 2010 all the power laid in the hands of the president. Ex-president Moi for example used his position for his own benefits. After the new Kenyan constitution the power changed of only one person, the president, too have it shared with the cabinet. With the new Kenyan constitution it results in a more stable government. When we look at the further the cabinet of Kenya will go through huge changes starting from 4 March 2013, because the general election will then be held. So far Kibaki did not state that he will run in the president elections next year. Odinga will be participating as well as several other ministers, for example: the Deputy prime minister and the Cooperative minister (Wikipedia – October 2012). . CRITERIA RELATED TO DOMESTIC ECONOMY 3. 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Most of Eastern Africa’s economy is centralized in Kenya, although this gives them a power-ful position they still suffer from corruption and the low prices of their most important ex-port products. Lately the government has lacked investing in infrastructure which leaves them in danger of losing the position of the larges t economy in Eastern Africa. The government is accused of the lack of attempting to stop the corruption which opened the doors to a lot of scandals within Kenya’s economy. This has led to a deduction of financial support options. Recently Kenya have had a lot of setbacks like: high food and fuel import prices, a severe drought and reduced tourism resulted in rise in the interest rated and an increased cash re-serve. 3. 2. GDP The GDP in 2011 was $ 72, 34 billion, in 2010 this was $ 68,9 billion and in 2009 $ 2,6 billion. GDP growth in % Because of violence used during the elections plus the global financial crisis have led to a deduction in the GDP, in 2008 the growth was only 1,7% but luckily the economy rebounded since the year 2009. Now in 2011 the growth was only 4,3% due to the inflation and currency depreciation. The GDP per capita was $1,700 in 2009 and in 2010 and increased to $1,800 in 2011. If you would compare this with the rest of the world this leaves Kenya on the 195th place in the, which is dangerously low when we look at the risk of doing business with Kenya. Year PPP growth 20051398. 7034. 74 % 20061490. 4066. 56 % 20071592. 9866. 88 % 20081604. 9250. 75 % 20091616. 1430. 70 % 20101675. 9183. 70 % Even though historical facts do not look good, the forecast concerning the GDP are looking better. The GDP is likely to increase due to expansions in tourism, telecommunications, transport and construction and recovery in the agriculture, one of the most important sec-tors for Kenya’s GDP. 3. 3. MOST IMPORTANT SECTORS AND PRODUCTS As mentioned before, one of the most important sectors in Kenya’s economy is the agricul-tural sector, forestry and fishing accounted for 24% of the total GDP, 18% of the wage em-ployment and 50% revenue from exports. Especially the tea production and export are likely to increase because of prosperous weath-er forecasts; the coffee industry has stagnated and is not likely to increase in the near future. The most profitable sector in Kenya is the service sector with tourism dominating that sec-tor. About 63% of all GDP is generated by tourism. Most tourists come from Germany and the Uniting Kingdom; they are attracted to the coastal beaches and the big game reserves. The tourism sector had a downfall because of negative attention in the media and the unsafe environment. The government is currently addressing the security problems within Kenya by introducing a tourism police and by launching marketing campaigns in key tourist origin markets. The most important sectors are: consumer goods (mobile, batteries and textile), agriculture, oil, aluminum, steel, cement and tourism. 3. 4. INFLATION RATE Inflation in consumer prices in % The inflation rate in 2011 was 14%. As we can see on the chart the inflation rate fluctuates a lot which means it will have a negative effect on the analysis on the risk. The Kenyan inflation rate has been on an average of 12,6%, from 2006 until 2012. The ultimate high was 31,5% in May 2012 and 3,2% in October 2011. On the following chart we can see the inflation rate more specified in recent times. Even in the last months there has been a lot of fluctuation in the inflation rate. The main reasons for the fluctuations are droughts and uncertainty in the import and export prices. 3. 5. THE GROWTH OF THE POPULATION The current total population is 43,013,341 (July 2012). In this chart we can see that the population always has had a steady growth. 3. 6. DOMESTIC INFRASTRUCTURE Kenya has an extensive road network of 152887 kilometers but most of the roads are in bad state unfortunately. For example of the total of 63. 800 ilometers of high way only 8,868 are paved. There is currently a project designed for creating links between all major and minor roads and to rehabilitate 20. 000 kilometer of roads in the urban centers. Kenya has a state owned railway corporation which is managing the single track railway station. It runs from Mombasa through Nairobi to the Ugandan border. Certain institutes are investing in the railway corporation to make it viable. The government is working on ma king the railway a private owned company. Either way, the Kenyan railway station is in a bad state. Kenya has a port located in Mombasa; it has a freight throughput of about 8. 1 million tons. Kenya has an airport that recently has changed from a state owned company to a public/private company. This has been successful since Kenya now is the key gateway to Africa Communications Overall Kenya has a well-established communication system More than 90% of the population has access to GSM signals. Kenya Posts and Telecommunications Corporation provides international direct dialing and subscriber trunk dialing, mobile telephones, telex, facsimile, data communication and related services. Substantial investment for the expansion of these facilities is under way and various internet providers have made their entry into Kenya. 4. CRITERIA RELATED TO FOREIGN ECONOMY Economic Cooperation, Regional Integration Trade The East African Community (EAC) countries – Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burun-di – transformed into a fully ? edged and enforceable customs union on 1 January 2010. They adopted a common external tari? (CET) with three bands: 0% (raw materials and capital goods), 10% (intermediate goods) and 25% (? nished goods). Tari? of up to 100% are appli-cable to products that are deemed to be sensitive to member states. These include maize, rice, cement, sugar and dairy products. Members will continue to collect customs receipts separately until a revenue sharing mechanism can be agreed. Furthermore, the EAC Common Market Protocol came into force on 1 July 2010, potentially allowing for the free movement of goods, services, people and capital in a zone with a com-bined population of some 135 million people. Given the large amount of legislation that needs to be amended in all countries to comply with the protocol, the transition is expected to proceed slowly. Kenya has already taken signi? cant steps to domesticate and embrace the provisions of the protocol. A task force charged with reviewing national laws and aligning them with the Common Market Protocol has completed its report. Areas that need harmonization include investment, tax, labor, education, standards, competition, transport, communications and ? nancial services. The report was forwarded to the attorney general who was expected to prepare a miscellaneous amendment bill to be tabled in parliament. Non-tari? barriers (e. g. road blocks, varying quality standards, the ine? ient functioning of the port of Mombasa and other red tape) continue to impede the free trade in goods and add to the costs of doing business. The replacement of paper-based customs administration practices with an electronic inter-face system, Simba, is a strong step towards enhancing competitiveness and trade facilita-tion. With the bringing into operation of Simba customs checks are subjected to computer-iz ed scanning and fewer physical checks are undertaken. The programme has enabled im-porters and exporters to lodge their documentation on line. In 2012, the Simba upgrade is expected to increase automation of goods clearance across all Kenyan border crossings. 4. 1. IMPORT 2011 While Kenya had just spent 3. 3 billion US Dollars on merchandise imports in 99’, they imported goods worth to 13. 49 billion US Dollar in 2011 which is an increase of over 400%. The depressed performance during the 2008-09 was due to a number of adverse shocks including the post-election violence in early 2008, a severe drought that affected most parts of the country, high international commodity prices and spillover effects of the global financial crisis, but the econ-omy rebounded in 2010. Import Products The major import products for the year to June 2011 were oil, manufactured goods, chemi-cals, machinery and transport equipment. The increase in the value of imports was mainly due to imports of oil, machinery and transport equipment, and manufactured goods. Oil imports accounted for 24. 2% of the total import. International oil prices increased from USD 74. 8 per barrel in June 2010 to USD 112. 15 per barrel in June 2011. Imports of machinery and transport equipment accounted for 28. 9% of total imports, and increased from USD 3 212 million to USD 3 942 million. This was due to the ongoing infra-structure development. Imports of manufactured items, mainly intermediate goods, accounted for 14. 8% of the im-port bill and increased from USD 1. 625 million to USD 2. 021 million while chemicals ac-counted for 13. 5%. Major Import Partners Kenya’s major import partners for merchandise are (2011): 1United Arab Emirates13. 0% 2China12. 1% 3India11. 6% 4South Africa5. 8% 5United Kingdom4. 6% 4. 2. EXPORT 2011 Kenya had received 2. 2 Billion US Dollar in 99’, while they could increase their receiving for ex-ports in 2011 to 5. 77 Billion US Dollar. This is an increase of about 260%. The depressed performance during the 2008-09 was due to a number of adverse shocks including the post election violence in early 2008, a severe drought that affected most parts of the country, high international commodity prices and spillover effects of the global financial crisis, but the economy rebounded in 2010. Export Products The agricultural sector continues to dominate Kenya’s economy, although only 15 percent of Kenya’s total land area has sufficient fertility and rainfall to be farmed, and only 7 or 8 per-cent can be classified as first-class land. It is the mainstay of Kenya’s economy, contributing over one third of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS:Tea, coffee, horticultural products, pyrethrum, pineapples, sisal, tobacco and cotton. TOP 1 – TEA Kenya is one of world`s top producers and exporters of high quality tea and coffee. Value of the produce was boosted by the average auction price TOP 2 – HORTICULTURE The robust flower industry in Kenya sees flower exports ac-counting up to 35% of all Europe’s flower imports. The good performance recorded in the horticultural sub-sector was due to improved external demand. OTHER EXPORTS:Beside this also iron, steel, petroleum products, cement, arti-cles of plastics, medicinal and pharmaceutical products, and leather are exported Textile is Kenya’s leading manufactured export. Soda ash (used in glassmaking) is Kenya’s most valuable min-eral export and is quarried at Lake Magadi in the Rift Valley. SERVICES: Transport, tourism and telecommunications services are the top three service exports in the country. Kenya’s services sector, which contributes about 63 percent of GDP, is dominated by tourism. TOURISM: In 2011 tourism experienced signi? cant gains with earnings rising by 32. %. The United King-dom continued to be the country’s main departure point for tourists with 203. 290 arrivals. Tourism is the second most important source of foreign exchange. To maximize on this growth trend, the Government is working together with the private sector in carrying out marketing as well as in strengthening linkages between tourism and t he rest of the economy. Major Export Partners The market for Kenyan exports has been transformed over the years due to changing policy environment, regional integration and other initiatives providing market access to 12 key trading blocks. The initiatives include the East African Community, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Cotonou ACP/EU Partnership Agreement, and the AGOA initiative, among others. COMESA is Kenya’s key export market, absorbing about 35% of total exports. The European Union market is the second most important, absorbing about 30% of total exports. Kenya’s major export partners for merchandise are (2011): 1COMESA (e. g. Uganda, Tanzania etc. )35. 0% 2European Union30. 0% 3United States5. 6% 4Pakistan4,2% 5United Arab Emirates4,1% Kenya’s relations with Western countries are generally friendly, although current political and economic instabilities are sometimes blamed on Western pressures. ? 4. 3. THE IMBALANCE IN TRADING Kenya is largely a trade deficit country. The negative balance of trade occurs because the country’s exports are vulnerable to both international prices and the weather conditions. Since independence, Kenya has enjoyed close international relations, particularly with the western countries. It is also a member of several regional trade blocs, such as the COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) and the EAC (East African Community). These blocs are key components of Kenya’s trade volumes. The 2011 Kenya’s trade performance was mainly affected by rise of oil prices globally which led to increase in the import bill and the depreciation of the Kenya shilling, while exports remained stagnant. The gap between imports and exports, also called current account deficit, now stands at above 10% of GDP – one of the highest in the world! Today, Kenya’s main exports don’t even earn enough to pay for its oil imports, 4. 4. KENYAN CURRENCY The recent history of Kenyan currency On 14 September 1966, the Kenyan shilling (KES) replaced the East African shilling at par, although it was not demonetized until 1969. The Central Bank of Kenya issued notes in de-nominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 shillings. Locals in Kenya call the Kenyan shilling also â€Å"Bob†. The Kenyan Shilling: Development of the Kenyan shilling Overview of the development of the Kenyan shilling (blue) compared to the US Dollar (red) between 2002 and 2012. Exchange rate in October 2012: EUR / KES 1 Euro = ca. 110,38 Kenya shilling 100 Kenya shilling = ca. 0,91 Euro EUR / USD 1 Euro = ca. 1,29 US Dollar 100 Kenya shilling = ca. ,18 US Dollar 4. 5. KENYAN MONETARY POLICY The year 2011 was tumultuous for the monetary authorities in Kenya with high inflation rates and a heavily depreciated currency. The month–on-month inflation rate averaged 12. 9% from January to October and peaked at 19. 7% in November 2011 against a target of 5%. The high rate of inflation was mainly driven by a rise in food and non-alcoholic beverage prices and transport charges. The food and non-alcoholic beverages index rose by 26. 2% compared with October 2010 while the transport index rose by 26. 22%. The rise in transport index reflected the sharp rise in fuel prices. According to the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), the euro-area currency crisis also had a desta-bilizing effect on the price level. Inflation is expected to drop to single digits in the next two years thanks to improved production of food and stability of fuel prices. In 2011 the Kenyan shilling depreciated (=im Wert gefallen) by a margin of 25. 2% against the US dollar (USD), dropping from an average of KES 81. 11 per USD 1 in January 2011 to KES 101. 51 in October 2011. It depreciated against the euro (EUR) from an average of KES 108. 29 per EUR 1 in January to KES 139. 07 in October 2011. To arrest the fall of the Kenyan shilling, the monetary policy committee (MPC) progressively increased the central bank rate (CBR) from a low of 6% in January 2011 to a high of 18% by December 2011. The inflationary pressure experienced in 2011 and the depreciation of the Kenyan shilling can directly be traced back to the Central Bank of Kenya policy adopted in 2010, when it cut the central bank rate from 7% in January to 6% in December. This was meant to revive lend-ing and stimulate the economy through increased consumption. The policy was highly suc-cessful as evidenced by the 5. 6% growth attained in 2010. However increased consumption pushed up consumer prices and put pressure on the Kenyan shilling as it heightened demand for imports, which rose from USD 11,283 million in year 2009/10 to USD 13,659 million in year 2010/11. Furthermore, in year 2010/11, domestic credit increased by KES 254. 4 billion (23. 4%) against a target of KES 205. 9 billion (18. 9%). The excess credit growth reflected a stronger domestic demand than previously estimated. 4. 6. KENYAN’S DEBT SITUATION Kenya’s external debt (or foreign debt) External debt is that part of the total debt in a country that is owed to creditors outside the country. This is not to be confused with actual government debts. The debtors can be the government, corporations or private households. The debt includes money owed to private commercial banks, other governments, or international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. List of countries by external debt (End of 2011): External debt. (in USD)per capita% of GDP 1 United States14,710,000,000,00050,266103 2 United Kingdom9,836,000,000,000156,126390 3 France5,633,000,000,00074,619182 4 Germany5,624,000,000,00057,755142 5 Japan2,719,000,000,00019,14845 Italy2,684,000,000,00036,841108 7 Netherlands2,655,489,600,000226,503344 8 Spain2,570,000,000,00018,26084 16 Austria 883,500,000,00090,128200 92 Kenya 7,935,000,00020025 The debt service ratio The debt service ratio is the ratio of debt service payments (principal + interest) of a country to that country’s export earnings. A country’s international finances are healthier when this ratio is l ow. The ratio is between 0 and 20% for most countries. For example, if a country has export revenue of ? 100bn and pays ? 15bn interest payments on its external debt, then its debt service ratio is 15%. A rising debt service ratio is often the sign of an imminent economic crisis. Debt service ra-tios may rise because of: †¢A fall in exports †¢Lower price of commodities which are main exports of a country. †¢Higher Borrowing †¢Higher interest rates increasing cost of debt repayments †¢Devaluation increasing cost of external repayments. 5. CONCLUSION All in all Africa has a big potential for exports and investments as there are still big growth opportunities. Kenya has the greatest growth potential in the Sub-Saharan area followed by South Africa. However there are some recommendations to bear in mind (e. . Letter of credit, creditworthiness check,†¦ see list at end of paper) Following there is an overview of the key advantages and disadvantages for exporting to or investing in Kenya: +- Stable economy and good eco-nomic prospectspolitical instability ? political riskBUT: increasing political stability since peaceful referendum in 2010 ? adoption of a new con-stitution Favourable strategic geographical position and access to export mar-kets (? Eastern Africa) corruption and impunity (=Straflosigkeit) BUT: High efforts to bring the problem under control: since 2010 ? Kenyan Anti-Corruption Commission forced high-profile cabinet ministers to step aside and the International Criminal Court publicly named perpetra-tors of violence (=Gewalttater) Membership of the largest African common market, the EAC (Eastern African Community), COMESA and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) ? enables the free movement of goods and ser-vices across the member statesInadequate infrastructure for absorption of economic devel-opmentBUT: High efforts to catch up on infrastructure English languagewidespread poverty ? crime Mombasa seaport ? most impor-tant seaport + Nairobi ? olitical and economic stronghold in the Eastern African Areacompanies are often undercap-italized ? risk of late or non-payment Small time difference Small taxes and levies (=Abgaben) Low wages compared to European countries and well trained em-ployees Emerge of a middle class with increasing purchasing power Kenya plays a major role in the Eastern African economy. Mombasa is the most important seaport in Eastern Africa and Nairobi is the economic and political stronghold in this area. One big plus for exports to or investments in Kenya is that the country has a quite stable economy. Even there were some setbacks in the past (e. . violence during the last elections in 2008, global financial crisis) the outlook for Kenya’s economy and GDP is quite favourable for the future. Due to the expansionary of fiscal measures and by structural business reforms driven by the IMF the economy of Kenya will further improve in the past few years. Addi-tionally the recovery of agricultural production and investment in infrastructures will also contribute to the dynamism of the economy. These are quite good prerequisites for potential exporters and investors. Even if Kenya’s investment prospects are quite attractive they had been marred by political risk for a long time. Violence during the election in 2008 frightened away many potential investors. The turning point for Kenya was the peaceful referendum in 2010 where a new country’s constitution was decided (? separation of powers). The peacefulness around the referendum had a huge positive impact on the country. Following this event Standard and Poors increased the credit rating to level B+ which brings Kenya closer to a score that foreign investors regard as an all-clear signal. Nevertheless exporters and investors need to be careful about the political situation in Kenya as new elections will take place in March 2013. The electoral campaign carries significant risks of a resurgence of the violent confrontations within the ethnic groups in Kenya. Our opinion is that Kenya has a huge potential for exporters and investors. It has a solid eco-nomic basis and political stability is already improving, so we would export to or invest in Kenya. Our recommendation prior to do export or investment is the following Exporters/Investors†¦ †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ need to check the local partner/customer in Kenya carefully It is very important to have a reliable, reputable partner in Kenya. Creditworthiness should be checked prior to doing business with them. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦insist on payment by letter of credit Especially when doing business with a customer/partner the first time it is advisable not to sell under open payment terms. It could than occur that the exporter would never receive his money. A letter of credit is used to eliminate the risk such as unfa-miliarity with the foreign country, customs or political instability. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ should not admit corruption Corruption in a foreign country is also indictable in Austria. Austrian exporters may also be reliable for their Kenyan partners. Therefore it is advisable to agree on anti-corruption clauses in the contract. In case an Austrian exporter would admit corruption the export insurance will not be valid anymore. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ need to consider and watch the political situation When political unrests occur it may be advisable to stop exports until the unrests have calmed down. 6. SUMMARY MILESTONE HISTORYThe independent Republic of Kenya was founded in December 1963. JOMO KENYATTA was the first president (until 1978). Kenyatta’s long presidency provided the country with stability. GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES †¢580. 000 km2 †¢42 million inhabitants †¢Capital City: Nairobi Language: English, SwahiliThe Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator with the Indian Ocean to its south-east. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580. 000 km2 (7 times bigg er than Austria) and a population of about 43 million residents. It is to stress out that 75% of the population is younger than 30 years. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. English is the language of choice when doing business in Kenya and is also used in Kenyan schools. Swahili (also called Kiswahili) is the national language of Kenya. It is a unifying African language spoken by nearly 100 percent of the Kenyan population. CLIMATIC CONDITIONSKenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean, which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving in-land towards the capital. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder ap-proaching Mount Kenya (5. 166m), which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. 1. OVERVIEW OF THE COUNTRY 2. POLITICAL CRITERIA 2002 transitional election 2007 accusation of electoral ma-nipulation resulted in violent riots in Kenya August 2010: peaceful referen-dum in passing a new constitution Kenya has seen significant political changes in the last decade. The his-toric 2002 transitional election, in which the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) defeated the long-ruling Kenya African National Union, created a major political shift and inspired optimism among citizens about the future of their country as a multiparty democracy. Kenyans went to polls in large numbers for the December 2007 general elections, but the elections turned violent after accusations of electoral manipulation. More than 1. 00 Kenyans died and more than 600. 000 were displaced. Peace was restored following the signing and enactment of the National Accord and the creation of the Grand Coalition Government (GCG), a power-sharing deal ending a political stalemate between President Mwai Kibaki of the Party of National Unity and Raila Odinga of the Orange Democratic Movement. The National Accord also set out an ambitious reform agenda including a review of the country’s constitution. In August 2010, a largely fair and peaceful referendum resulted in pass-ing a new constitution. The new constitution was a landmark NEW ELECTIONS IN 2013 risk of new post-electoral vio-lence and rumorsachievement for the GCG as it enforces broad changes to the govern-ance framework, including: a new devolved system of government; reduced presidential powers, a reformed electoral process, more defined separation of powers between the three branches of government; land reform; and an expanded bill of rights. Government institutions, civil society, political parties and citizens face an ambitious and challenging period as they enact the reforms dictated by the new constitution. Kenya’s political dynamics also are likely to be influenced by the outcome of the International Criminal Court (ICC) proceedings in which six prominent Kenyans are accused of involvement in the 2008 post-election violence. It is not yet clear whether the charges will be upheld by the ICC. Kenyan leaders are under increasing pressure to continue rebuilding their country and to avoid a repeat of the 2008 post-election crisis as the country heads into general elections in 2013. 3. KENYA’S DOMESTIC ECONOMY DOMESTIC ECONOMY The economy experienced moderate growth in 2011 but is expected to rise modestly in 2012 and 2013 respectively. The year 2011 witnessed drastic currency depreciation and rapid inflation, both of which are ex-pected to stabilize in 2012 and 2013. Youth unemployment constitutes 70% of total unemployment. In 2011 Kenya’s economy recorded â€Å"checked† growth, primarily driven by financial intermediation, tourism, construction and agricultural sectors. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate for the first nine months was estimated at 4. 2%, down from 4. 9% in the same period in 2010. Overall, growth in 2011 was curtailed by an unstable macroeconomic environment characterized by rising inflation, exchange rate depreciation and high energy costs. The country also experienced limited rainfall in the first half of 2011, which affected aggregate food production. In January 2011, the Kenyan government was forced to ask the IMF for support to counter the mounting financing pressures caused by a widening current account deficit. Certain other structural constraints, such as widespread corruption and poor infrastructure, also continued to undermine Kenya’s growth potential. 4. KENYA FOREIGN ECONOMY IMPORT While Kenya had just spent 3. 3 billion US Dollars on merchandise im-ports in 99’, they imported goods worth to 13. 49 billion US Dollar in 2011 which is an increase of over 400%. The depressed performance during the 2008-09 was due to a number of adverse shocks including the post election violence in early 2008, a severe drought that affect-ed most parts of the country, high international commodity prices and spillover effects of the global financial crisis, but the economy rebounded in 2010. IMPORT PRODUCTS The major import products for the year to June 2011 were oil, manu-factured goods, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment. The increase in the value of imports was mainly due to imports of oil (International oil prices increased) IMPORT PARTNERS1. United Arab Emirates - 13. % 2. China - 12,1% 3. India - 11. 6% 4. South Africa - 5,8% 5. United Kingdom 4,6% EXPORT Kenya had received 2. 2 Billion US Dollar in 99’, while they could in-crease their receivement for exports in 2011 to 5. 77 Billion US Dollar. This is an increase of about 260%. The depressed performance during the 2008-09 was due to a number of adverse shocks including the post-elect ion violence in early 2008, a severe drought that affect-ed most parts of the country, high international commodity prices and spillover effects of the global financial crisis, but the economy rebounded in 2010. EXPORT PRODUCTSThe agricultural sector continues to dominate Kenya’s economy, alt-hough only 15 percent of Kenya’s total land area has sufficient fertility and rainfall to be farmed. Tourism currently is Kenya’s third largest foreign-exchange earner after tea and horticulture (flowers) EXPORT PARTNERSCOMESA (East-South Africa) - 35. % European Union -30% United States - 5,6% Pakistan - 4,2% United Arab Emirates - 4,1% IMBALANCE IN TRADING Kenya is largely a trade deficit country. The negative balance of trade occurs because the country’s exports are vulnerable to both interna-tional prices and the weather conditions. The gap between imports and exports, also called current account deficit, now stands at above 10% of GDP – one of the highest in the world! Today, Kenya’s main exports do not even earn enough to pay for its oil imports. ECONOMIC COOPERATION, REGIONAL INTEGRATION TRADE COMMON EXTERNAL TAFFIFF VISION STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY The East African Community (EAC) countries – Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi – transformed into a fully-fledged and enforceable customs union on 1 January 2010 allowing for the free movement of goods, services, people and capital in a zone with a combined population of some 135 million people. The next phase of the integration will see the bloc enter into a Monetary Union and ultimately become a Political Federation of the East African States. They adopted a common external tariff (CET) with three bands: 0% (raw materials and capital goods), 10% (intermediate goods) and 25% (finished goods). Tariffs of up to 100% are applicable to products that are deemed to be sensitive to member states. These include maize, rice, cement, sugar and dairy products. The Vision of EAC is a prosperous, competitive, secure, stable and politically united East Africa; and the Mission is to widen and deepen Economic, Political, Social and Culture integration in order to improve the quality of life of the people of East Africa through increased competitiveness, value added production, trade and investments. EAC has a combined population of more than 135 million people, land area of 1. 2 million square kilometres and a combined Gross Domestic Product of $74. 5 billion. This bears great strategic and geopolitical sig-nificance and prospects of a renewed and reinvigorated East African Community 5. CONCLUSION POTENTIAL OF KENYAAll in all Africa has a big potential for exports and investments as there are still big growth opportunities. Kenya has the greatest growth potential in the Sub-Saharan area after South Africa. However there are some recommendations to bear in mind (e. g. Letter of credit, creditworthiness check,†¦) ADVANTAGESRISKS Stable economy and good eco-nomic prospectspolitical instability ? political riskBUT: increasing political instability since peaceful referendum in 2010 ? adoption of a new constitution Favourable strategic geographical position and access to export mar-kets (? Eastern Africa) corruption and impunity (=Straflosigkeit) BUT: High efforts to bring the problem un-der control: since 2010 ? Kenyan Anti-Corruption Commission forced high-profile cabinet ministers to step aside and the International Criminal Court publicly named perpetrators of violence (=Gewalttater) ADVANTAGESRISKS Membership of the largest African common market, the EAC (Eastern African Community), COMESA and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) ? enables the free movement of goods and ser-vices across the member statesInadequate infrastructure for absorption of economic devel-opmentBUT: High efforts to catch up on infrastruc-ture English languagewidespread poverty ? crime Mombasa seaport ? most impor-tant seaport + Nairobi ? political and economic stronghold in the Eastern African Areacompanies are often undercap-italized ? risk of late or non-payment Small time difference Small taxes and levies (=Abgaben) Low wages compared to European countries and well trained em-ployees Emerge of a middle class with increasing purchasing power OUR RECCOMENDATIONS Exporters/Investors†¦ †¦ need to check the local partner/customer in Kenya carefully It is very important to have a reliable, reputable partner in Kenya. Cre-ditworthiness should be checked prior to doing business with them. †¦insist on payment by letter of credit Especially when doing business with a customer/partner the first time it is advisable not to sell under open payment terms. It could than occur that the exporter would never receive his money. A letter of credit is used to eliminate the risk such as unfamiliarity with the foreign country, customs or political instability. †¦ should not admit corruption Corruption in a foreign country is also indictable in Austria. Austrian exporters may also be reliable for their Kenyan partners. Therefore it is advisable to agree on anti-corruption clauses in the contract. In case an Austrian exporter would admit corruption the export insur-ance will not be valid anymore. †¦ need to consider and watch the political situation When political unrests occur it may be advisable to stop exports until the unrests have calmed down. How to cite Political Risk Analysis Kenya 2012, Essay examples

Poetic form and language in The Pains of Sleep Essay Example For Students

Poetic form and language in The Pains of Sleep Essay The Pains of Sleep Is written In the first person present tense from the point of view of an urn-named narrator; which may (or may not) be the author. How;ever, the nightmares and sleep disruption described in the poem are symptomatic of withdrawal from opiate addiction, an affliction from which Coleridge was known to suffer, and it is prudent to assume that it is the poet who speaks in this poem. The use of a first person present narrative gives this poem an intimate, almost conversational tone and allows the reader to feel as though they are taking part In a dialogue with the poet. The version of the poem studied (see p 227-8, Owens and Johnson) contains no verses, however, there are clear turns of thought after lines 13 and 36 andfor the purpose of this essayI will use these turns as convenient stanza breaks . The poem is written, predominantly, In Iambic tetrameter of two stresses per foot and four feet per line. This tends to echo natural speech and strengthens the Impression of conversation between intimates. The first stanza comprises three rhyming couplets, a trace and two further rhyming couplets. These follow the rhyme scheme affectedness.. Lines 7 and 9 break the withy as they contain nine stresses and thus have hypercritical, feminine endings which allow the poets thoughts to flow smoothly. These lines also contain the alliterative phrases reverential resignation and sense of supplication which draws attention to the poets quasi-religious experience with sleep prior to the onslaught of his drug induced nightmares. The poet draws us in to the poem slowly and respectfully, pointing out that up until the previous night It hath not been my use to pray. He confesses that, despite his perceived weaknesses, he feels not noblest and this, together with the recertification of the virtues of Love, Strength and Wisdom, would seem to indicate that he felt the presence of something great and good all around him. The lines in stanza one are mainly end stoppedgiving them a sense of completenesswith the exception of lines 2, 10 and 12 which run-on to the next line. The enjambment of these lines creates a feeling of expectation and highlights the poets emotional state and low level of self esteem. This and the use of caesura In lines 4, 8, 11 and 12 shows the wonder the poet feels because (God) has not condemned him for his weakness. The final couplet in this stanza closes with a half rhyme (where/are) , creating a feeling of discord and frustrating the readers expectations. This functions as a platform from which to step from the tranquility of the first phase of the poem Into In the second stanza the pace of the poem quickens, emulating the rapid breathing and feverish imaginings of a fear induced state, as the poet describes dream battles with his demons. There are more run-on lines in this stanza (lines 14, 16, 21, 23, 28, 31, 33 and 35), each emphasizing the poets confusion as he struggles with the referring images and ideas his dreams have conjured. The rhyme scheme follows the path ababcccddeeffghghiikkll. The first (line 14) highlights the torment that drives him to pray aloud for the first time, while the second (line 16) draws attention to the fiendish crowd of wild imaginings that devastate his sleep pattern. The inversion of the words (up-starting) at the beginning of line 16 also hints at the unknown nature of the nameless fears that assail him. The alliteration of thoughts that tortured is rapid and stuttering and evocative of the poet turning to find something that isnt there. The first four lines of the stanza form an ABA quatrain and pull us into the poets nightmares. Line 18 begins a trace whose alliteration of lurid light and trampling throng and assonance of o vowel sounds suggests surreal, nightmarish landscapes full of embodied wrongs against which the poet is powerless (line 21) and the caesura in Fantastic passions! Maddening brawl! (line 25) further highlights the uncertainty with which he views these images. Lines 27-30 take the form of an ABA quatrain. Whether these wrongs are done to the poet or have been done to him (lines 28-29) is unclear but, given the social unrest and injustice of the period, it is feasible that Coleridge may be expressing his own political sympathies unconsciously within his dreams and, although Coleridge was not present at the Petrol Massacre (SST Pewters Fields, Manchester) for exampl e, it is possible he feels complicit by reason of his own social status and previous political leanings. .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 , .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 .postImageUrl , .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 , .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52:hover , .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52:visited , .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52:active { border:0!important; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52:active , .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52 .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf1a4c96451d11d9d6248f63c0b467c52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Analysis/ Practical Criticism "Auto Wreck" EssayThe alliterative (sibilant) line Life -stifling fear, soul-stifling shame (line 32) draws attention to the collective burden of guilt, remorse or woe he has chosen, rightly or Rooney, to take upon himself and marks a downward shift in the pace of the narrative. The Pains of Sleep uses binary oppositions (heaven/hell, weak/strong) to persuade and shape the readers response to the poem and the poet. Coleridge is inviting the reader to view him positively despite his own inner feelings of penitence. The final couplets of stanza two concern the effects the previous poor nights sleep have on the poet and both contain run on lines which help to slow the narrative and lessen the tension. The pathetic fallacy of night s dismay (line 33) as it saddened ND stunned the coming day'(Line 34) attributes feelings to night/day which they cannot hold, yet which may reflect the feelings of the poet as he wakes from his and marks movement to the third and final stanza. The third stanza begins with three rhyming couplets, followed by a quatrain and three further couplets. The first couplet almost repeats the metaphor of fiendish crowd found in stanza two (line 16), alluding this time to the dream the poet awakens from on the third night. This dream leaves him weeping as I had been a child and calls to mind an vision of a man broken by his experiences. The use of this simile at this point also evokes the idea of re-birth and regeneration as the poet assumes a milder mood. Once again, Coleridge uses alliteration to draw attention to the phrases sufferings strange and milder mood and, in particular, the word order inversion of sufferings strange highlights the torments these dreams have focused on the poet. The words depletes (line 44) and interesting (line 45) appear to be portmanteau words and a product of the poets own imagination, yet they have the effect of raising the importance of Coleridge own remorse and unclear conscience. However, the eighth tone and more sedate pace of this stanza also suggest that he feels that his nightmares are, perhaps, disproportionate to his part in the wrongdoing. Coleridge doubly protests his innocence in his lament but wherefore, wherefore fall on me (line 50) and this repetition suggests that he does not truly feel that he is innocent of blame. The final couplet of stanza three is a transcendent and poignant plea from the heart as the poet claimsin the romantic traditionthat love will absolve him of his sins, real and imagined.

Reaction Paper free essay sample

This semester I enrolled in Speech1017 instructed by Professor Canuto. During my time in the class I have learned the functions of communication, models of communication, misconception of communication, and human communication. This class is very informative; each day there’s a new lesson about communication, how communication affects who you interact with, your culture, and how other ethnicity communicate with each other. But the lesson that has been a favorite of mine is Chapter 2 The changing world of communication. Chapter 2 described how communication evolved through the centuries and how technology also evolved with communication. Professor Canuto would show video clips that relate to the topic, if there is a statistic she would have a video relating to the statistic that makes lesson worth listening to. There was a lesson explaining how communicating went from face-to-face communicating to texting. I could relate to the topic because I fear talking to anyone I do not know, but if could get any girl number and randomly text them I’ll do that any day, because it seems like when talking face-to-face with someone you don’t know, you think insecure thoughts about yourself how you look, how you speak to that person, constantly thinking if he/she doesnt like you. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Professor Canuto can relate to the students within the class she is young so the events that happens in a young adults daily life. In Chapter 2 the Professor explains how communication is diverse different parts of the U. S. contains Americans who communicate the same but when another American foreign to that part of the U. S. will be in confusion not only in communication, in how they dress and different phrases they use in their vocabulary would be foreign to another person from outside their region but they all live within the same country. I believe that the class needs no changes the Professor teaches at a peace that every student can  follow along to. Professor Canuto is always happy but that’s needed because the morning can make you look dead but her optimism helps ease the depression. Speech has become important to me, learning the origins of communication answers questions that are asked every day. I’m looking forward to actually speaking reading speeches improving speaking in front of people killing my glossophobia. Speech has never been a big factor in my life I didnt really knew what the subject was about but Professor Canuto explains thoroughly every segment in each lesson given. Reaction paper free essay sample I. INTRODUCTION Having an educational field trip as a student of BAM – IM at the AZUCARERA in tarlac on February 21, 2014 for half a day after the first plant visit, we had a good impact for our perspective in our course. Hacienda Luisita is popular sugar cane farm inTarlac. It was owned by the Cojuangco’s and had a lot of history through the years. It’s a 4. 435 hectares, like the size of Makati and Pasig City combined. It is very huge and a lot of farmers are working for the farm. It was shown how the company values there menpower, instead of calling them farmer, they call them planters as a sign of respect for the hard work that they are doing. They also value teamwork and cooperation. They treat each other as a family and makes sure that everyone has something out of there hard work. II. RATIONALE Field trips are important because it gives students a chance to learn hands on. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, traveling will give them a chance to see different places and learn new things up close and personal. Field trips are good learning tools which many universities always do. III. OBJECTIVES To be able to see personally how an industrial company works. To know how to manage an industrial company. To know the purpose and how innovation in an industrial company happens. IV. SUMMARY AND CONTENT This is the second plant visit we went is the Azacurera de Tarlac, we stayed for bus for half an hour, and when the first batch are done, we are the next, maybe the second to the last who will be tour of the company, we wore an helmet for our safety because the tour guide told us that sometimes an object falling from the top, and sometimes the helmet cracks, that’s why we wore an helmet. Before we go to the production he lecture us a little information of what is azucarera is, after that we fall in line and go to the production, we first see the truck of sugarcane where falling from a hole, then after that we go to the production site, and there we can see how they create a sugar, I noticed again that some of the construction worker are not wearing proper PPE or personal protective equipment, and they also don’t have hazard signs, I think some of their machines are dangerous to approach, some of the machine are not lecture to us, we just exceeded some of them, that’s why we don’t know what machine and description. V. REACTION PAPER POSITIVE: The positive of this, is when we’re in production all of the construction worker and other stuff there welcome us with a smile and there so kind when there touring us to the production site, even the construction worker are telling us what machine is their handling, and they even approach us near to see the machines. Much of the sugar comes from tarlac. That’s why we should be proud of this. NEGATIVE: Same of the enerrtech, here in azucarera, their not wearing proper PPE or personal protective equipment, the company should be aware of this, there should be thinking of their employees health or safety, because most of them are not proper uniform, it should be complete, because for me, safety first. If something happen to their employees there will be the one who will be responsible to them, some place don’t have hazard signs, I think some of machine are very dangerous to approach, they should be alert of this. VI. CONCLUSION VII. RECOMMENDATION Based on my observation, the challenges that the company should overcome will be the safety of there employees. The employee who was there doesn’t have personal protective equipments like helmets, gloves and even proper uniform. With the kind of work they are doing, it’s very essential for the employees to be protected. It will take a big damage to the company and its reputation if there will be an accident and no preventive measure has been taken. Another thing was the hazzard sign, it is also essential to have signs especially to machines that need extra carefulness when being handled. What I am trying to point is, the safetiness of the employees should always be a priority because the company’s manpower is one of the key to its success, without them there will be no production. Reaction Paper free essay sample As students we go to school to learn, and that is why we attend our classes every day to learn so that our knowledge will increase, but as college students we are also obligated to attend seminars. Attending seminars is also important to shape the students to become more knowledgeable and professional and now we for the first time I attended a seminar which I know I can learn new things and discover more facts about life. For me attending in the seminars means added knowledge for us students to gain. I can say that the last seminar we attended is indeed enjoyable and we learned a lot from the speakers. Let us start with the guest speaker Dr. Honorato P. Panahon. He discussed about values and professionalism. I learn about dos and don’ts as being a professional someday. I also learned that as Information Technology students, our professionalism depends on the knowledge we gain in our schools that is why values and professional ethics is very important and must be known by all the Information Technology students so they will not violate any professional ethics code someday. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is also a short story that was told by Dr. Panahon. To cut the story short, the story wants us to learn that there are many people in the world with different behaviors that is why all of them has characteristics which can lead them to make unethical actions sometimes. The next guess speaker was Dr. Zenaida R. Guillasper. She told us everything that we need to know about spiritual education. My spirit was uplift every time we pray. I can feel that God’s blessing is coming from the heaver upon the earth. Actually she also tell that there are many hindrance along the way before she reached us and tell us the words of God but still she was able to tell us a wonderful speech about God. Dr. Guillasper wanted us to realize that we must love God, accept him as our savior, and repent with our sins. The last guess speaker was DR. Melissa Belinda P. Faronilo, Back then when I was taking up nursing in the same university, Dr. Faronilo was my professor in Psychology, and she is one of my favorite professors because of her wit. That is why, when I saw her in the stage, I know the discussion will be very enjoyable and at the same time informative. The discussion is fun, because we now know that we can identify our psychological behavior depends on our favorite shapes. Reaction Paper free essay sample The film was narrated by Steve Wozniak, co-developer of the Apple computer. The movie took off with Steve Jobs talking in a melodramatic way to the audience, it seems but as the angle of the scene shifts, it was shown that he was actually talking to a director and that they were currently in the middle of shooting a commercial which is for the Apple Computer. The scene then changes showing Steve Jobs talking about some sort of alliance formed between Apple Computer and Microsoft with Bill Gates in the screen (details of this scene was showed later on in the film). Then the film featured a flashback on the younger days of Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak where they are shown to be caught up in a riot between students and police officers and running in the opposite direction of the tide of people. The movie then proceeds to narrate the events that led to the development of the first Apple computer. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The film also features the nerd character of Bill Gates who was then a nobody and even got ignored by Steve Jobs in a computer expo. The story then narrates how competition flared between the two leading companies and how they strived to outwit each other and finally, concluding in the scene where Steve Jobs and Bill Gates announced that they are good together. Bill Gates (Anthony Michael Hall overplaying Machiavelli) and Steve Jobs (Noah Wyle overplaying the hypocritical hippie). In the wings with one liners and side explanations are the designer of the Mac, Steve Wozniak (Joey Slotnick), and the two most famous right hand men of Microsoft, Paul Allen (Josh Hopkins) and Steve Ballmer (John Di Maggio). The film dutifully details the skyrocketing of Apple from a manufacturer of the first cookie cutter color PCs (the Apple II that didnt leave your high school until well after you did) to one of the biggest personal computer companies to the giant taken down by the people that helped build it up (dont you know, Microsoft helped make the original Macintosh operating system). The movie also showcases the big sneaky moves of the business. It shows how Apple grabbed the idea of the GUI from Xerox, how Microsoft got the first DOS from someone else, and how Microsoft started making its own interfaces. â€Å"Pirates of Silicon Valley† also paints an anecdotal picture of the insanity of Jobs and Gates Jobs incites cross product team food fights, Gates drives a bulldozer on the grounds of the Redmond campus. In my opinion the real protagonist of the story was Steve Jobs not only because he got featured more in the film but also I admire his determination to uplift the name of Apple. Sure, he got some attitude problem going on but he did become successful, right? He also had flair in talking people into something but you really would not want to cross him when he’s angry or everything will just come exploding. Reaction Paper free essay sample Unethical miners can dispense with the dams, to save costs, resulting in massive pollution downstream. In other cases, the tailings dam can overflow, and even breach, during periods of heavy rain. 4. Underground coal mining can require the removal of almost an entire layer of material deep under the surface. When the timber supports collapse, this can lead to subsidence. The subsidence can mean economic loss to people above or damage to natural areas. It can even cause cracks in river beds, leading to loss of river flow. . Some mining involves the inadvertent dispersal of heavy metals, such as lead, into the atmosphere. This can have serious health effects, including mental retardation in children. 6. Asbestos mining causes the dispersal of asbestos into the environment. This will cause deaths among local residents and workers, often several decades later. 2. What are the disadvantages of the small scale? The advantages and disadvantages of mining can be determined based on facts uncovered by scientists and by personal opinions. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mining process, there is certain level of pollution produced. The Canadian government and the mining companies have very good plans and controls toward this problem, while ensuring the smooth running of the industries, and also helping to create strong economy and employment. The world of today could not exist without mineral products. Canada produces about 60 minerals and ranks first among producing countries1. As well, Canada is the largest exporter of minerals, with more than 20 per cent of production shipped to world markets2.In a typical year, the mining industry is responsible for almost 20 per cent of Canadas total export earnings3 (See Appendix A). As for the employment rate, over 70 per cent of the mines are owned by Canadians and Approximately 108,000 Canadians are directly employed in the mining industry4. Mining is very important in Canadian life. Not only do the products power the family car and heat the family home, the manufacturing sector, the high tech industries and even the better known resource industries are all dependent, in some way, on the mining industry. Reaction Paper free essay sample Fifth Year Student. It was held at Lyceum of the Philippines University Batangas Campus I was excited for the seminar, because I know that I will learn a lot of things to enhance my knowledge as an Industrial Engineering student. The objective of the seminar is to know the knowledge and skills that can be gained and achieved from the services offered by a certain individual. The first speaker was Engr. Romeo Gamboa, and his topic was all about Safety awareness. He taught us about the benefits of having safety in our daily activities. We as an individual who makes decisions, we need to think first before doing the action in order to ensure our safety. Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions In a place can lead to an accident that can interrupt an activity, cause an individual Into an injury or death, and damage to a property. Every person needs to be concern In terms of safety awareness to have a fruitful life that is far from accident. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Second speaker was Engr. Felix Vergara, and his topic was all about Operations Research. He discusses us all about operations needed In order to be an efficient ngineer and for the company to be more competitive. Different operations research approaches are needed to maximize profit and minimize cost, Innovates systems, and to solve different problems faced by a company. We as Industrial Engineers should continually think of different operations that are needed to help the company Increase Its level of competence and to take more advantage over the other company. Third speakers were from the Philippine Red Cross, their topic was all about first aid, and they taught us to be responsible In every accident that we can face. It Is ood to learn the seven principles of Red Cross; Humanity, Impartiality, Neutrality, Independence, Voluntary Movement, Unity, and Universality. These principles cover the maln objective which Is to save life of every person whom Is In vulnerable situations. It Is needed for an Individual to learn what to do In case of an accident. Every Individual should be knowledgeable and skilled In terms of glvlng first ald to save life ofa person. Overall, the seminar taught me that In every service that I lend, It Is right to make It In a proper manner. Also to gain knowledge and skills that helps me to Improve yself and to be more proflclent Industrial Engineer for the near future. By zner010021 action in order to ensure our safety. Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions in a place can lead to an accident that can interrupt an activity, cause an individual into an injury or death, and damage to a property. Every person needs to be concern in terms of Research. He discusses us all about operations needed in order to be an efficient approaches are needed to maximize profit and minimize cost, innovates systems, and increase its level of competence and to take more advantage over the other company. d, and they taught us to be responsible in every accident that we can face. It is the main objective which is to save life of every person whom is in vulnerable situations. It is needed for an individual to learn what to do in case of an accident. Every individual should be knowledgeable and skilled in terms of giving first aid to Overall, the se minar taught me that in every service that I lend, it is right to make it in a proper manner. Also to gain knowledge and skills that helps me to improve myself and to be more proficient Industrial Engineer for the near future. Reaction Paper free essay sample Sylvester Sign Language Reaction Paper 09/10/2013 The Sound and Fury Being a deaf is one of the most rare and difficult situation for many people. Many people have not experience being a deaf or even have deaf related or even have a deaf friend and that what makes deaf being ignored by these normal people. Deaf people have created their own community. Living in this community makes their lives a lot easier than lives in our community. I have never ever experience living or paving a friend who is a deaf, but knowing about their lives was one of my most wanted things. Watching this documentary about these two families have opened my eyes about who these people could communicate with others. These two families had the same situation with their children but one of them was negative while the other was more open mind. First, Heathers family. The father (Heather) wanted so badly his daughter to stay and dont implant the cochlear device, While the mother wasnt sure about that decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She wanted first to see if she could herself have that device but was too hard because of her age. However, after a while they finally decided to not implant the cochlear device for their daughter and the daughter agreed with them especially after they moved to the other city where most of the people were deaf. On the other hand, the other family, where Peter was the son and he was too young and implanting the cochlear device at that age will have a great result likely. His parents wanted so badly to give him that device while his grandparents were not tit their side. They wanted to keep him living in deaf community. After a while his parents decided to implant the cochlear device for him and the surgery was successful and effective. After a month the result was as they wished and the kid could hear. In my opinion, the first family. I could understand their fear about how their daughter could become in the future and she might forget the sign language. But they should have given her all the opportunities. They had affected her decision y moving to the other city, even though, she was happier over there, but she was not old enough to make her own decision. They should have though more about her future. Live is not easy as how it used to be when her parents were growing up. They could let her live on both worlds even though if it was hard for her. On the other hand, the second family made the best decision as I can imagine how could be the live for that child in the future. They were thinking about his live and future more than about themselves and their society. They now gave him more opportunities to live with. Now he hears and even learns how to talk and deal with the normal people. As I have mention above live is getting more difficult. And people should think more about their new born deaf kids. They should give them all the opportunities. Being a deaf for the deaf people is fine but could limit their lives and make them being ignored by other people. The second Tamil did the surgery not because they d accept the deafness, but because they wanted their son to have a better future.